Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. We sincerely happy to announce that Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”), ISSN 1994-6309 / E-ISSN 2541-819X is selected for coverage in Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) products and services started from July 10, 2017. Beginning with No. 1 (74) 2017, this publication will be indexed and abstracted in: Emerging Sources Citation Index. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Affairs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Gerasenko, Director, Scientifi c and Production company “Mashservispribor”, Novosibirsk; Sergey V. Kirsanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Evgeniy A. Kudryashov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Southwest State University, Kursk; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Timofeev S.P., Grinek A.V., Hurtasenko A.V., Boychuk I.P. Machining technology, digital modelling and shape control device for large parts..................................................................................................................... 6 Shlykov E.S. ,Ablyaz T.R.. Muratov K.R. Theoretical simulation of the process interelectrode space fl ushing during copy-piercing EDM of products made of polymer composite materials................................................ 25 Loginov Yu.N., Shimov G.V., Bushueva N.I. Deformations in the nonstationary stage of aluminum alloy rod extrusion process with a low elongation ratio.............................................................................................. 39 Sundukov S.K. Features of the superposition of ultrasonic vibrations in the welding process........................ 50 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Podgornyj Yu.I., Martynova T.G., Skeeba V.Yu. On the issue of limiting the irregular motion of a technological machinewithin specifi ed limits.................................................................................................... 67 MATERIAL SCIENCE Burkov A.A., Kulik M.A., Belya A.V., Krutikova V.O. Electrospark deposition of chromium diboride powder on stainless steel AISI 304..................................................................................................................... 78 Gulyashinov P.A., Mishigdorzhiyn U.L., Ulakhanov N.S. Infl uence of boriding and aluminizing processes on the structure and properties of low-carbon steels........................................................................ 91 EDITORIALMATERIALS Guidelines for Writing a Scientifi c Paper ............................................................................................................ 102 Abstract requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 107 Rules for authors ................................................................................................................................................. 111 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 119 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 Infl uence of boriding and aluminizing processes on the structure and properties of low-carbon steels Pavel Gulyashinov 1, a, *, Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn 2, b, Nikolay Ulakhanov 3, 2, c 1 Baikal Institute of Nature Management Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of sciences, 6 Sakhyanovoy str., Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russian Federation 2 Institute of Physical Material Science of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 6 Sakhyanovoy str., Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russian Federation 3 East Siberia State University of Technology and Management, 40V Kluchevskaya str, Ulan-Ude, 670013, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6776-9314, gulpasha@mail.ru, b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-9045, undrakh@ipms.bscnet.ru, c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0635-4577, nulahanov@mail.ru. Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2022 vol. 24 no. 2 pp. 91–101 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2022-24.2-91-101 ART I CLE I NFO Keywords: Thermochemical treatment (TCT) Boriding Aluminizing Boron carbide Aluminum Carbon steel Alloy steel Funding The research was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project 19-79-10163). Acknowledgements Research were partially conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials” ABSTRACT Introduction. Boriding and aluminizing are among the effective methods for improving the performance properties (corrosion resistance, heat resistance and wear resistance) of machine parts and tools. Solid-phase methods of carrying out techniques of thermochemical treatment (TCT) require long-term exposure at elevated temperatures, which negatively affects the structure and properties of the base material. From these positions, the selection of reasonable temperature-time parameters of solid-phase boriding and aluminizing processes is an urgent task. The purpose of this work is to assess the effect of low-temperature boriding and aluminizing processes on the structure and microhardness of diffusion layers on the surface of low-carbon steels. The paper considers two grades of steels with a carbon content of up to 0.4 %: low-carbon steel St3 and alloy steel 3Cr2W8V. The use of the second steel is due to the need to identify the effect of alloying elements in steel on the thickness of diffusion layers and its composition. Powder mixtures based on boron carbide and aluminum carbide are selected as sources of boron and aluminum. Results and discussions. It is found at a process temperature of 900 °C and holding for 2 hours after boriding, iron borides are formed on the surface of both steels. At the same time, two borides FeB and Fe2B are detected on St3 steel by X-ray phase analysis (XRD), and only the Fe2B phase is detected on 3Cr2W8V steel. After aluminizing, aluminum-containing phases such as Al5Fe2, Na3AlF6 and Al2O3 are formed in both steels. The thickness of the resulting diffusion layer on St3 after boriding is 35 μm, after aluminizing – 65 μm. The thickness of the diffusion layer on 3Cr2W8V steel is equal to 15 μm after boriding and 50 μm after aluminizing, which is signifi cantly less than on carbon steel and is obviously due to the effect of alloying elements. It is established that TCT leads to a signifi cant increase in the microhardness of the samples surface. Thus, the maximum microhardness of St3 steel increased to 2,000 HV, and the maximum microhardness of 3Cr2W8V steel increased to 1,700 HV after boriding. The microhardness after aluminizing is comparable for both steels and is equal to 1,000–1,100 HV. Elemental analysis of the upper sections of the diffusion layers shows that the content of boron (7–9 %) and aluminum (50– 53 %) corresponds to the detected XRD iron borides and aluminides. In all cases, there is a gradual decrease in the diffusing elements in the direction from the surface to the base. For citation: Gulyashinov P.A., Mishigdorzhiyn U.L., Ulakhanov N.S. Infl uence of boriding and aluminizing processes on the structure and properties of low-carbon steels. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2022, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 91–101. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2022-24.2-91-101. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Gulyashinov Pavel A., Ph.D. (Engineering), Scientifi c Associate Baikal Institute of Nature Management Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of sciences 6 Sakhyanovoy str., 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation Tel.: 8 (3012) 43-36-76, e-mail: gulpasha@mail.ru Article history: Received: 15 March 2022 Revised: 06 April 2022 Accepted: 27 April 2022 Available online: 15 June 2022
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 Introduction An important goal of modern materials science is to increase the strength and wear resistance of tools and various machine parts by means of diffusion saturation of the metals and alloys with various chemical elements. It is hard to achieve the specifi ed mechanical and operational properties using common heat treatment (quenching and tempering). Abetter alternative is thermochemical treatment (TCT), when various chemical elements diffuse into the surface of metals and alloys. Metal working parts, subjected to TCT, can replace products made of expensive special steels and alloys [1-2]. Currently, there are several methods of TCT, depending on the saturating medium: gas, liquid and solidphase (in powders and pastes) [3-4]. It is known that borited layers have high hardness, corrosion and wear resistance. Saturating mixtures based on boron carbide are widely used for boriding in powder mixtures and pastes [5]. Aluminizing is the process of surface saturating with aluminum to improve oxidation resistance at high temperatures and atmospheric corrosion resistance. Various mixtures based on the powders of aluminum or ferroaluminum, aluminum oxide, etc. are used for aluminizing [6, 7]. It should be noted that the solid-phase TCT methods require long-term exposure at elevated temperatures, which adversely affects the structure and properties of the base metal. There are other methods for improving the surface properties of machine parts that do not require longterm exposure at elevated temperatures, such as concentrated energy streams (CES). Laser and electron beam treatment (EBT) are capable to heat a material’s surface rapidly and avoid the mentioned drawback [8-10]. There are also methods of the combined treatment, where common TCT is followed by subsequent laser treatments and EBT [11-13]. The latter method allows modifying the previously obtained diffusion layer and eliminating its defects (layering and phase inhomogeneity along the layer depth, brittleness, high surface roughness). It should be noted that the CES methods require costly equipment. Its use is justifi ed when the necessary properties cannot be attained through common surface techniques. Thus, it is reasonable to carry out a combined treatment with the TCT as a fi rst stage of the treatment to obtain a continuous protective layer over the entire surface area. Next, the most critical areas are additionally subjected to EBT to modify the obtained diffusion layers. Another opportunity is to carry out electron beam alloying (EBA) as a second treatment. For example, fi rst, powder aluminizing with furnace heating is carried out, followed by the EBA with boron carbide, or in reverse mode, i.e., common powder pack boriding followed by the EBA with aluminum. It is known, that the combined process of saturation with boron and aluminum (boroaluminizing) makes it possible to synthesize multifunctional layers [14, 15]. This paper contains the materials on the fi rst stage of treatment as independent processes that improve the set of physical and mechanical properties of steels over the entire surface area of a product. The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of boriding and aluminizing on the structure and properties of the diffusion layer on the surface of low-carbon steels. The paper presents the test results of the low-temperature modes of TCT. A comparative analysis of the structure and properties was carried out via examples of two steel grades. Methodology The following powders were used for saturating: boron carbide B4C of F-220 grade, aluminum powder PA-4 grade (6058-73 State Standard), aluminum oxide Al2O3 analytical pure class (8136-85 State Standard) and sodium fl uoride NaF analytical pure class (4463-76 State Standard). Amixture of 96% B4C + 4% NaF was used for the boriding process. The aluminizing mixture consisted of 48% Al + 48% Al2O3 + 4% NaF. The TCT in powders were carried out in the PM-16P-TD laboratory furnace at a temperature of 900 °C. The samples of St3 steel and 3Cr2W8V die steel with the size of 20×20×10 mm were subjected to TCT. The duration of the treatment process was 2 hours. As it is known, St3 steel is used for the bearing elements
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 of welded and non-welded structures and parts (composition, in wt. %): Fe ≈ 97, C 0.14-0.22, Si 0.15-0.3, Mn 0.4-0.65). 3Cr2W8V steel is used for a heavily loaded press tool utilized for hot deformation of alloyed structural steels and heat-resistant alloys (composition, in wt. %): Fe ≈ 87, C 0.3-0.4, Si 0.15-0.4, Mn 0, 15-0.4, Cr 2.2-2.7, W 7.5-8.5, V 0.2-0.5, Mo up to 0.5). The powder mixture was poured into the crucible along with the test samples; then the crucible was packed and sealed with a fusible seal from the top. The crucibles were cooled in the open air at room temperature. At the end, the crucibles were unpacked and the samples were cleaned from the remnants of the saturating mixture. The composition and structure of the diffusion layer were determined on a JSM-6510LV JEOL (Japan) scanning electron microscope with an INCA Energy 350 Oxford Instruments (Great Britain) microanalysis system at the Progress Science Center, East Siberia State University of Technology and Management. The phase composition on the samples’ surfaces was determined by a D8 ADVANCE Bruker AXS X-ray diffractometer in copper radiation with a shooting interval of 10-70° at the Science Center of the BIP SB RAS. The microhardness test of the obtained layers was carried out by a PMT-3M microhardness tester. The load was 50 g. The Nexsys ImageExpert MicroHardness 2 software package (9450-76 State Standard) was used to calculate the microhardness values. Microstructures were photographed by a METAM RV-34 metallographic microscope with an Altami Studio digital camera (Russia). The Nexsys ImageExpert Pro 3.0 software package was used to determine the thickness of the diffusion layer. Results and discussions The boriding and aluminizing processes were carried out on St3 and 3Cr2W8V steel samples at a temperature of 900 °C for 2 hours. Figures 1 and 2 show microphotographs of the steels structures after TCT. These fi gures clearly show the acicular structure of the borided layers. The thickness of the resulting diffusion layer on St3 steel was 35 μm, and on the alloyed steel it was 15 μm. It is known that boriding of low-carbon steel under the same time-temperature modes in metal-oxide-containing mixtures (based on boron and aluminum oxides) provides a layer thickness of 50 μm [16]. A considerably thinner layer was formed on 3Cr2W8V steel compared to the low-carbon steel. This was due to the high concentration of alloying elements, which hindered the diffusion of boron. The resulting layer thickness was consistent with the borated layers obtained by the liquid method and in pastes of various compositions [16]. Figures 2, a and 2, b show the structures of the studied steels after aluminizing. A more even surface layer was formed on St3 steel, consisting mainly of Al5Fe2. At the boundary with the base metal, AlFe, AlFe3 phases and a solid solution in α-Fe were gradually formed [17–19]. The thickness of the diffusion a b Fig. 1. Microstructures of St3 (a) and 3Cr2W8V (b) steels after boriding
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 a b Fig. 2. Microstructures of St3 (a) and 3Cr2W8V (b) steels after aluminizing layer on St3 steel was 65 μm, which was comparable to the layers obtained by spray aluminizing and in molten salts (galvanic method) [17]. A layer with an average thickness of 50 μm and an uneven interface with the base metal were visible on the sample of 3Cr2W8V steel after aluminizing. Local extrema of the layer thickness, apparently, were the places of the steel surface melting and partial transition to the liquid state in these areas. This was also accompanied by increased diffusion in proportion to the increase in temperature. The latter was obviously caused by the passage of an exothermic metal reduction reaction. At the same time, the layer phase composition was similar to the composition on St3 carbon steel, where iron aluminides were additionally alloyed with Cr, W, and V. The low quality of the surface after aluminizing was due to the high reactivity of aluminum, accompanied by interaction with oxygen and other elements of atmospheric air [20]. Figure 3 shows the microhardness distribution over the distance after the boriding process of the both steels. The maximum microhardness on St3 steel was observed on the layer at a distance up to 10–15 μm from the surface and reached 1,919.6 HV, which is typical for boriding due to the formation of solid iron borides. The maximum value of 1,684.8 HV was observed at a distance of 15 μm from the surface on 3Cr2W8V steel, probably in the zone with the highest concentration of borides. Fig. 3. Microhardness distribution over the layer depth on steels after boriding
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 Figure 4 shows the microhardness distribution over the distance after the aluminizing process of the both steels. Fig. 4. Microhardness distribution over the layer depth on the steels after aluminizing The microhardness distribution curves obtained after the aluminizing process on 3Cr2W8V steel were the most promising. The maximum value of microhardness for St3 steel was 996 HV, and for 3Cr2W8V steel it reached rather a high value of 1,119 HV. An indicative increase in microhardness at a distance of 150– 180 μm from the surface was visible for the alloy steel. This local increase in microhardness corresponded to the transition zone directly under the layer, which supposedly indicated an increased content of chromium and tungsten carbides. Its concentration increased due to the displacement by aluminum diffusing from the surface. The substitution of the carbides deep into the base metal presumably occurred because of its mutual insolubility with aluminides [21]. The samples after TCT were subjected to XRD to determine the phase composition of the diffusion layers. Figure 5, a shows the XRD pattern after boriding of St3 steel, where FeB and Fe2B phases were revealed on the surface. Single Fe2B phase was distinguished after boriding of 3Cr2W8V steel (Fig. 5, b). a b Fig. 5. XRD-pattern of the surface after boriding: a – St3; b – 3Cr2W8V
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 a b Fig. 6. XRD-pattern of the steel surface after aluminizing: a – St3; b – 3Cr2W8V a b Fig. 7. Distribution of boron and aluminum over the layer thickness on the steels after boriding (a) and aluminizing (b) respectively Figure 6, a shows the XRD pattern after the aluminizing of St3 steel, where Al5Fe2, Na3AlF6 and Al2O3 phases were established on the surface, while Al5Fe2, Na3AlF6 and Al2O3 were identifi ed on the surface of 3Cr2W8V steel. The EDS analysis determined B and Al in the diffusion layer and transition zones. Figures 7, a and 7, b show B and Al distribution over the both steels, respectively. As it is seen on the graphs, boriding under the same conditions resulted in a slightly higher boron content (by 1–2 %) in the diffusion layer on St3 steel compared to the alloy steel. Boron content is inversely proportional to the layer thickness on both steels (Fig. 7, a). A similar picture is observed during aluminizing of the studied samples. The aluminum content was higher by 2–7 % on St3 steel compared to the alloy steel depending on the layer thickness (Fig. 7, b). It was established that the aluminum content was 3–5 % higher in the local extrema than in other areas of the layer on 3Cr2W8V steel. Conclusion Based on the study, it was found that at a process temperature of 900 °C and a holding time of 2 hours after boriding, iron borides are formed on the surface of both steels. At the same time, both FeB and Fe2B iron borides were revealed by XRD on St3 steel and a single Fe2B phase was found on 3Cr2W8V steel.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 Phases containing aluminum, such as Al5Fe2, Na3AlF6 and Al2O3, were formed after aluminizing of the both steels. The thickness of the obtained diffusion layers on the alloy steel was less than on the carbon steel, which was due to the alloying elements inhibiting the diffusion of boron and aluminum. The maximum microhardness of 1,920 HV was observed on St3 steel after boriding, which is explained by the presence of both iron borides in its composition. The maximum value of microhardness reached 1,620 HV on 3Cr2W8V steel. The microhardness of the both steels after aluminizing was almost the same and equaled to 1,000– 1,100 HV. References 1. Voroshnin L.G., Mendeleeva O.L., Smetkin V.A. Teoriya i tekhnologiya khimiko-termicheskoi obrabotki [Theory and technology of chemical and heat treatment]. Moscow, Novoe znanie Publ., 2010. 304 p. ISBN 978-594735-149-1. 2. KulkaM. Trends in thermochemical techniques of boriding. KulkaM. Current trends in boriding: Techniques. Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 2019, pp. 17–98. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-06782-3_4. 3. Atul S.C., Adalarasan R., Santhanakumar M. Study on slurry paste boronizing of 410 martensitic stainless steel using taguchi based desirability analysis (TDA). International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering, 2015, vol. 5, pp. 64–77. DOI: 10.4018/IJMMME.2015070104. 4. Nakajo H, Nishimoto A. Boronizing of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys using spark plasma sintering. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2022, vol. 6, p. 29. DOI: 10.3390/jmmp6020029. 5. Campos-Silva I.E., Rodriguez-Castro G.A. Boriding to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steels. Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels, 2015, vol. 62, pp. 651–702. DOI: 10.1533/9 780857096524.5.651. 6. Salem M., Le Roux S., Dour G., Lamesle P., Choquet K., Rézaï-Aria F. Effect of aluminizing and oxidation on the thermal fatigue damage of hot work tool steels for high pressure die casting applications. International Journal of Fatigue, 2019, vol. 119, pp. 126–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.09.018. 7. Sun Y., Dong J., Zhao P., Dou B. Formation and phase transformation of aluminide coating prepared by lowtemperature aluminizing process. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2017, vol. 330, pp. 234–240. DOI: 10.1016/j. surfcoat.2017.10.025. 8. Shin V.I., Moskvin P.V., Vorobyev M.S., Devyatkov V.N., Doroshkevich S.Yu., Koval’ N.N. Povyshenie elektricheskoi prochnosti uskoryayushchego zazora v istochnike elektronov s plazmennym katodom [Increasing the electrical strength of the accelerating gap in an electron source with a plasma cathode]. Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta = Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 2021, no. 2, pp. 69–75. DOI: 10.31857/ S0032816221020191. 9. Ivanov Yu.F., Koval’ N.N., Petrikova E.A., Krysina O.V., Shugurov V.V., Akhmadeev Yu.Kh., Lopatin I.V., Teresov A.D., Tolkachev O.S. Razrabotka fi zicheskikh osnov kompleksnogo elektronno-ionno-plazmennogo inzhiniringa poverkhnosti materialov i izdelii [Development of the physical foundations of complex electronion-plasma engineering of the surface of materials and products]. Naukoemkie tekhnologii v proektakh RNF. Sibir’ [High technologies in RSF projects. Siberia]. Tomsk, NTL Publ., 2017, ch. 1, pp. 5–35. ISBN 978-589503-607-5. 10. Koval’N.N., IvanovYu.F., eds. Evolyutsiya struktury poverkhnostnogo sloya stali, podvergnutoi elektronnoionno-plazmennym metodam obrabotki [Evolution of the structure of the surface layer of steel subjected to electronion-plasma processing methods]. Tomsk, NTL Publ., 2016. 298 p. ISBN 978-5-89503-577-1. 11. Sizov I.G., Smirnyagina N.N., Semenov A.P. The structure and properties of boride layers obtained as a result of electron-beam chemical-thermal treatment. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2001, vol. 11, pp. 45–46. 12. Zenker R. Electron beam surface technologies. Encyclopedia of Tribology. Wang Q.J, Chung Y.-W. (Eds.). Boston, MA, Springer, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_723. 13. Bartkowska A., Bartkowski D., Przestacki D., Hajkowski J., Miklaszewski A. Microstructural and mechanical properties of B-Cr coatings formed on 145Cr6 tool steel by laser remelting of diffusion borochromized layer using diode laser. Coatings, 2021, vol. 11, p. 608. DOI: 10.3390/coatings11050608. 14. Mishigdorzhiyn U., Chen Y., Ulakhanov N., Liang H. Microstructure and wear behavior of tungsten hotwork steel after boriding and boroaluminizing. Lubricants, 2020, vol. 8, iss. 3, p. 26. DOI: 10.3390/ lubricants8030026.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 2 2022 15. Gulyashinov P.A., Mishigdorzhiyn U.L., Ulakhanov N.S. Vliyanie mekhanoaktivatsii poroshkovoi smesi na strukturu i svoistva boroalitirovannykh malouglerodistykh stalei [Effect of mechanical activation of the powder mixture on the structure and properties of boro-aluminized low-carbon steels]. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2020, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 151– 162. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2020-22.4-151-162. 16. Ryabov V.R. Alitirovanie stali [Aluminizing steel]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1973. 240 p. 17. Danenko V.F., Gurevich L.M., Ponkratova G.V. O vliyanii alitirovaniya na strukturu i svoistva stali St3 [On the effect of aluminizing on the structure and properties of steel St3]. Izvestiya Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta = Izvestia of Volgograd State Technical University, 2014, no. 9, pp. 30–34. 18. Skorikov A.V., Ul’yanovskaya E.V. Kinetika protsessa poverkhnostnogo alitirovaniya poroshkovykh stalei [Kinetics of the process of surface aluminizing of powder steels]. University News. North-Caucasian Region. Technical Sciences Series, 2018, no. 3 (199), pp. 134–139. DOI: 10.17213/0321-2653-2018-3-134-139. 19. Brodova I.G., Shirinkina I.G., ZaikovYu.P., Kovrov V.A., ShtefanyukYu.M., Pingin V.V., Vinogradov D.A., Golubev M.V., Yablonskikh T.I., Astaf’ev V.V. Struktura i fazovyi sostav zashchitnykh pokrytii na stali, poluchennykh metodami zhidkofaznogo alitirovaniya [Structure and phase composition of protective coatings on steel obtained by liquid-phase aluminizing]. Fizika metallov i metallovedenie = The Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2015, vol. 116, no. 9, pp. 928–936. DOI: 10.7868/S0015323015090041. 20. Jurči P., Hudáková M. Diffusion boronizing of H11 hot work tool steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2011, vol. 20, pp. 1180–1187. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-010-9750-x. Confl icts of Interest The authors declare no confl ict of interest. 2022 The Authors. Published by Novosibirsk State Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1