Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases. WEB OF SCIENCE
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Affairs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Gerasenko, Director, Scientifi c and Production company “Mashservispribor”, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Evgeniy A. Kudryashov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Southwest State University, Kursk; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Ryaboshuk S.V., Kovalev P.V. Analysis of the reasons for the formation of defects in the 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel billets and development of recommendations for its elimination............................................................... 6 Lapshin V.P., Moiseev D.V. Determination of the optimal metal processing mode when analyzing the dynamics of cutting control systems................................................................................................................... 16 Gimadeev M.R., Li A.A., Berkun V.O., Stelmakov V.A. Experimental study of the dynamics of the machining process by ball-end mills.................................................................................................................. 44 Bratan S.M., Chasovitina A.S. Simulation of the relationship between input factors and output indicators of the internal grinding process, considering the mutual vibrations of the tool and the workpiece................... 57 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Podgornyj Yu.I., KirillovA.V., Skeeba V.Yu., Martynova T.G., Lobanov D.V., Martyushev N.V. Synthesis of the drive mechanism of the continuous production machine......................................................................... 71 Lobanov D.V., Rafanova O.S. Methodology for criteria analysis of multivariant system................................ 85 MATERIAL SCIENCE Sokolov A.G., Bobylyov E.E., Popov R.A. Diffusion coatings formation features, obtained by complex chemical-thermal treatment on the structural steels............................................................................................ 98 Filippov A.V., Khoroshko E.S., Shamarin N.N., Kolubaev E.A., Tarasov S.Yu. Study of the properties of silicon bronze-based alloys printed using electron beam additive manufacturing technology................... 110 Lysykh S.A., Kornopoltsev V.N., Mishigdorzhiyn U.L., Kharaev Yu.P., Tikhonov A.G., Ivancivsky V.V., Vakhrushev N.V. The effect of borocoppering duration on the composition, microstructure and microhardness of the surface of carbon and alloy steels............................................................................................................. 131 EDITORIALMATERIALS 149 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 159 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 TECHNOLOGY Analysis of the reasons for the formation of defects in the 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel billets and development of recommendations for its elimination Sergey Ryaboshuk a, *, Pavel Kovalev b Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya st., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1183-8445, ryaboshuk_sv@spbstu.ru, b https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-3812, kovalev_pv@spbstu.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 1 pp. 6–15 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.1-6-15 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 01 October 2022 Revised: 01 November 2022 Accepted: 19 December 2022 Available online: 15 March 2023 Keywords: Austenitic steel 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti Integranular corrosion δ-ferrite Martensitic orientation of the α-phase Acknowledgements Research were partially conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”. ABSTRACT Introdution. Austenitic steel (e.g., AISI 304, AISI 321, AISI 316, AISI 403, 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti, etc.) is widespread, which is caused by high corrosion resistance and the corresponding possibility of use in aggressive media. The following most common types of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel defects can be distinguished: integranular corrosion, martensitic orientation of the α-phase and ferrite δ-phase. The purpose of work: to analyze the defects formation reasons of the 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel grade billets and to develop recommendations for their elimination. The methods of investigation. Tests of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel samples for resistance to integranular corrosion, metallographic analysis of defects were carried out in this work. Hardness measurements were carried out for various degrees of billets reduction. Thermodynamic calculations of phase equilibrium in multicomponent steel for different temperatures were performed by the Thermo-Calc software. Results and Discussion. It is determined that in order to prevent integranular corrosion, it is necessary to reduce the nitrogen and carbon content in steel at the stage of ladle refining to 0.05%, and also to ensure the concentration of titanium in steel is not less than the permissible value — 0.3%. These measures contribute to the reduction of Cr23C6 chromium carbides responsible for integranular corrosion. It is necessary to reduce the degree of compression of the billets to a level of no more than 50% to prevent the appearance of a ferromagnetic martensitic α-phase, since the formation of this defect is associated with a high degree of compression during drawing. The high-temperature phase of δ-ferrite exists in the metal structure in a wide temperature range. Reducing this range to 100 degrees or less by optimizing the composition of the carbon and chromium alloy in accordance with GOST 5632-2014 leads to a significant reduction of the amount of ferrite. However, it is not possible to completely eliminate it from the structure of steel. For all cases, it is necessary to assign austenization of billets in the temperature range of 1,050…1,100 °C. For citation: Ryaboshuk S.V., Kovalev P.V. Analysis of the reasons for the formation of defects in the 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel billets and development of recommendations for its elimination. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty)= Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 6–15. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.1-6-15. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Ryaboshuk Sergey V., Senior Lecturer Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University 29 Polytechnicheskaya st., 195251, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation e-mail: ryaboshuk_sv@spbstu.ru Introduction Currently, 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti stainless steel has become quite widespread in power engineering because of its high corrosion properties, manifested in a significant range of application temperatures [1–5]. This is a reason why it is necessary to improve the quality of billets made of this steel, especially used in aggressive media. Therefore, all studies related to the most typical defects of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel products and the search for recommendations aimed at its elimination are quite relevant. It is known that the following main structural defects are most typical for 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel: intergranular corrosion, the presence of martensitic α-phase and ferrite δ-phase [6–11].
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 It is established that chromium carbides Cr23C6 are responsible for intergranular type of corrosion. Formation of these carbides along the boundaries of austenitic grains is responsible for the reduction of chromium dissolved in the matrix to values (less than 13%), providing a local drop in corrosion resistance [12–14]. This process is intensified during long soaking at temperatures corresponding to the active formation of chromium carbides, while corrosion spreads into the depth of the grain. Some measures are implemented to reduce the tendency of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel to this type of corrosion like heat treatment of billets (quenching, annealing), as well as optimization of the chemical composition forming during smelting and ladle treatment of liquid steel [15–17]. The formation of a martensitic α-phase in the structure of stainless steel may occur during working at low temperatures or in the process of cold deformation, accompanied by an increase in the magnetic properties of the material. This transition is undesirable for austenitic steel, so the chemical composition and rolling parameters are optimized in order to prevent it [7, 18]. The formation of ferrite δ-phase in this type of steel starts at the beginning of the solidification of the melt, then with further cooling the δ-ferrite phase dissolves in austenite. Due to the significant cooling rates of ingots, this process is usually incomplete. Even after hot plastic deformation, there is a residual ferrite phase in the metal structure, which degrades the magnetic properties. Moreover, the ductility and crack resistance of steel are reduced [19–20]. Today the methods of thermodynamic simulation are widely used to assess the influence of the chemical composition of materials on the number and type of phase constituents. Such information allows clarifying recommendations and measures to improve the quality of metal products [21–23]. The purpose of work: – studying of the main defects typical for 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti stainless steel; – performing thermodynamic simulation of the accompanying phase transformations; – making recommendations for improving the quality of the metal and reducing its defects based on the studies and calculations. The methods of investigation As part of this work, tests of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel for resistance to intergranular corrosion were carried out in accordance with GOST 6032-2017 “Corrosion-resistant steels and alloys”. Oxide scale was removed from the surface of the heat-treated specimens by chemical etching, and then specimens were kept in a boiling aqueous solution of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid in the presence of metallic copper. Depending on the method, the holding time was 24 hours or 8 hours. After the tests, bending by 90 ± 5° and examination for cracks were carried out. The presence of cracks on the specimens bent after the test and the absence of cracks on the control specimens bent in the same way indicated the tendency of the steel to intergranular corrosion. Preparation for metallographic analysis consisted of sequential grinding, polishing of stainless steel specimens and electrochemical etching in a 10% aqueous solution of oxalic acid. Buehler Ltd equipment was used for specimens preparation. An additional austenization operation of the specimens could be carried out if necessary, namely, a long soaking in the range of 1,000–1,200 °C to remove magnetization and dissolve the ferrite phase. Metallographic analysis was carried out directly using a microvizor Mkvizo-MET-221. Hardness measurements of the hard-worked metal specimens were carried out by a TB 5015-01 tester using Brinell scale. Thermodynamic simulation was performed using the Thermo-Calc software product. This program allows equilibrium calculations of multicomponent multiphase systems under different temperature conditions for various chemical compositions.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 technology Results and Discussion The effect of the various components content on the formation of intergranular corrosion in stainless steel To identify the features of the intergranular corrosion development, stainless steel specimens were investigated according to the method described above. The presence of defects for various chemical compositions is noticed. Thermodynamic simulation was carried out for each composition — the quantity and the thermal nature of the forming carbide and nitride phases are estimated: titanium carbonitrides TiCxNy and Cr23C6 carbides. The relationship between the increased amount of chromium carbides and the defects of stainless steel is found and confirmed. Then temperature dependences of phase components in a wide range of various steel 12-Cr18Ni10-Ti components were calculated (for the initial composition taken: C = 0.08 %, Cr = 18 %, Ni = 10 %, Mn = 1.5 %, Ti = 0.4 %). The most significant elements are carbon and nitrogen. Figure 1 shows the typical thermal nature of the carbide and nitride phases in the stainless steel for the range of nitrogen changes N = 0.05–0.10 %. Fig. 1. Dependence of the content of chromium carbides Cr23C6 and titanium carbonitrides TiCxNy on the nitrogen content in steel: a – [N] = 0.05 %; б – [N] = 0.10 % а b
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 The process of titanium carbonitrides TiCxNy formation begins at temperatures around 1,425 oC. The higher the initial nitrogen content in the steel, the more titanium is consumed to form the nitride component of this phase, the less titanium binds carbon to carbide. Thus, conditions for the release of this carbon in the form of Cr23C6 carbides are created. With a significant nitrogen content (N = 0.1 %), chromium carbides are formed at 960 oC and reach up to 1.15 wt.%, with a decrease in nitrogen to 0.05 %, the formation temperature drops by 100 oC and the final mass is 0.41 wt.%. Metallographic studies confirm that with an increase in the nitrogen content, there is an increase in the mass of chromium carbides Cr23C6, provoking intergranular corrosion. Without interacting with chromium, nitrogen indirectly increases the number of carbide phases by binding titanium. The carbon content naturally and significantly affects the number of Cr23C6 compounds, so, with an increase in the carbon content, their mass and the temperature of the formation beginning grow up. The calculation results show that the critical value is C = 0.05 %, at which there is no release of chromium carbides, and a significant part of the carbon binds to titanium. Thus, in order to minimize the formation of defects associated with intergranular corrosion, it is recommended to reduce nitrogen and carbon to 0.05% at the stage of liquid steel ladle treatment. It is also recommended to keep the titanium content in this type of steel not less than 0.3 % within the permissible composition according to GOST 5632-2014. In case of defect detection in the metal structure at the stage of input control, it is necessary to carry out the austenization operation of steel at temperatures specified by thermodynamic calculation for an exact composition, and amounting to about 1,050–1,100 °C. Study of the causes of the martensitic α-phase formation Metallographic analysis of the martensitic α-phase was carried out on samples of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel rods obtained after the drawing stage. Samples with varying degrees of this defect manifestation were studied, technological parameters of cold forming were recorded in parallel. Calculations show that in stainless steel of this type, martensite is formed at negative (Celsius degrees) temperatures, therefore its origin is most likely by deformation mechanism. Figure 2 shows an example of the martensite, formed by this mechanism in a metallurgical semi-finished product. Measurements of the metal hardness show that a significant hardening follows the presence of martensite in the structure – the samples have a hardness of about 370 HB. Such values correspond to increased reduction of steel during the manufacture of rods. The analysis of technological parameters showed that with reduction of more than 50 % in the process of manufacturing a semi-product, there is an excessive amount of martensitic α-phase. Thus, the appearance of this defect in rods made of 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel is associated with the stage of cold forming and is possible when the critical reduction of the billet is exceeded. During its formation, an additional step of metal austenization is required. Investigation of the ferrite δ-phase in 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel Samples of different thickness were studied to investigate the causes of the δ-phase formation in 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel. Figure 3 shows an example of the rod microstructure with a diameter of 3 mm in the direction of drawing. Thermodynamic calculations show the presence of a ferrite phase in a wide temperature range from 1,250 to 1,450 °C, depending on the specific composition of steel, in particular the content of carbon, chroFig. 2. Occurrence of martensitic α-phase in steel 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti, rod Ø4 mm
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 technology mium, titanium and other elements. This range can be reduced by decreasing the ferrite stabilizing chromium in steel and slightly increasing carbon within the limits of allowable composition (but not higher than the value recommended for eliminating intergranular corrosion of 0.05 %) (Fig. 4). In order to minimize the amount of δ-ferrite in the structure and remove excess magnetization, austenization is carried out – soaking at temperature of 1,050 °C. This temperature is outside the calculated range, however, even with such soaking, the ferrite phase does not completely dissolve for kinetic reasons. The residual particles of the δ-phase spheroidize and decrease in size. The results comparison of spectral analysis, metallographic studies and thermodynamic simulation show that the increased amount of ferrite phase in 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti steel corresponds to a wide calculated temperature range of its existence (about 200 °C). In the case of a shortened range (100 °C or less), the presence of ferrite is minimal and the magnetization is low. However, even in the case of highFig. 3. Microstructure of a rod Ø 3 mm made of steel grade 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti after austenization Fig. 4. Dependence of the content of δ-ferrite in steel 12-Cr18-Ni10-Ti at different alloying contents: a – the effect of titanium; b – the effect of chromium; c – the effect of carbon а b с
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 temperature austenization, the δ-ferrite is not completely eliminated. Thus, to minimize the formation of this defect, optimization of the carbon and chromium composition, as well as austenization operation is required. Conclusion As aim of the work, detailed studies of the reasons for defects formation in the microstructure of 12-Cr18Ni10-Ti stainless steel are carried out; such as intergranular corrosion, martensitic phase and δ-ferrite. Recommendations for its elimination are formulated based on the results obtained and thermodynamic calculations. It is recommended to reduce the nitrogen and carbon content to 0.05% by methods of ladle liquid steel treatment to minimize the amount of Cr23C6 chromium carbides and, consequently, to increase the resistance of steel to intergranular corrosion. It is necessary to have titanium in steel at least 0.3% in accordance with GOST 5632-2014. Required reduction should be not more than 50% in order to prevent the formation of deformation martensite in stainless steel during cold drawing. In addition, it is recommended to optimize the chemical composition for chromium and carbon to reduce the temperature range of ferrite formation in order to avoid the presence of an excessive high-temperature ferrite phase in the structure. In all three cases, the operation of billets austenization in the temperature range of 1,050–1,100 °C is appointed. References 1. Urban D. Novye khromistye stali dlya ispol’zovaniya v usloviyakh vysokikh temperatur [New chromium steels for high temperature applications]. Chernye metally, 2018, no. 7, pp. 67–68. (In Russian). 2. Sizyakov V.M., Bazhin V.Yu., Patrin R.K., Feshchenko R.Yu., Saitov A.V. Features of high-amperage electrolyzer hearth breakdown. Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, 2013, vol. 54, pp. 151–154. 3. Gomes A., Navas M., Uranga N., Paiva T., Figueira I., Diamantino T.C. High-temperature corrosion performance of austenitic stainless steels type AISI 316L and AISI 321H, in molten Solar salt. Solar Energy, 2019, vol. 177, pp. 408–419. 4. Ayer R., Ro Y., Park I., Shim J., Nam J., Kim J. A computational approach to evaluate the sensitization propensities of UNS S32100 and UNS S34700 stainless steels. Corrosion 2018, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2018, p. NACE-2018-10574. Available at: https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings-abstract/CORR18/AllCORR18/NACE-2018-10574/125882 (accessed 26.01.2023). 5. Tynchenko V., Bukhtoyarov V., Rogova D., Myrugin A., Seregin Y., Bocharov A. Software for modeling brazing process of spacecraft elements from widely used alloys. 2022 21st International Symposium INFOTEH-Jahorina (INFOTEH), East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2022, pp. 1–5, DOI: 10.1109/INFOTEH53737.2022.9751246. 6. Morshed-Behbahani K., Najafisayar P., Pakshir M., Shahsavari M. An electrochemical study on the effect of stabilization and sensitization heat treatments on the intergranular corrosion behaviour of AISI 321H austenitic stainless steel. Corrosion Science, 2018, vol. 138, pp. 28–41. 7. Feng Z., Zecevic M., Knezevic M. Stress-assisted (γ→ α′) and strain-induced (γ→ ε→ α′) phase transformation kinetics laws implemented in a crystal plasticity model for predicting strain path sensitive deformation of austenitic steels. International Journal of Plasticity, 2021, vol. 136, p. 102807. 8. Wang J., Su H., Chen K., Du D., Zhang L., Shen Z. Effect of δ-ferrite on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of 321 stainless steel. Corrosion Science, 2019, vol. 158, p. 108079. 9. Hu D., Li S.L., Lu S. Effects of TIG process on corrosion resistance of 321 stainless steel welding joint. Materials Science Forum, 2013, vol. 749, pp. 173–179. 10. Davydov A.D., Erokhina O.O., Ryaboshuk S.V., Kovalev P.V. Analysis of the causes of cracks in the production of ingots and forgings from austenitic stainless steel 08Х18Н10Т (AISI 321). Key Engineering Materials, 2020, vol. 854, pp. 16–22.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 1 2023 technology 11. Feshchenko R.Yu., Erokhina O.O., Kvanin A.L., Lutskiy D.S., Vasilyev V.V. Analytical review of the foreign publications about the methods of rise of operating parameters of cathode blocks during 1995–2014. CIS Iron and Steel Review, 2017, vol. 13, pp. 48–52. 12. Man C., Dong C., Kong D., Wang L., Li X. Beneficial effect of reversed austenite on the intergranular corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steel. Corrosion Science, 2019, vol. 151, pp. 108–121. 13. Choudhary S. Field experience with chloride stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels below 60° C in condensate stabilization unit. OnePetro, 2022, p. SPE-210992-MS. DOI: 10.2118/210992-MS. 14. Liu Q., Wang C., Neville A., Barker R., Qian J., Pessu F. Corrosion characteristics of iron-nickelchromium alloys in molten nitrate salts under isothermal and thermal cycling conditions. OnePetro, 2022, p. AMPP-2022-17529. Available at: https://onepetro.org/amppcorr/proceedings-pdf/AMPP22/5-AMPP22/ D051S049R002/2724564/ampp-2022-17529.pdf (accessed: 26.01.2023). 15. Kovalyuk E.N., Gorevaya M.A., Tumurova V.P. Izuchenie pittingovoi i mezhkristallitnoi korrozii stalei 12Kh15G9ND i 12Kh18N10T [Study of pitting and intergranular corrosion of steels 12Kh15G9ND and 12Kh18N10T]. Korroziya: materialy, zashchita = Corrosion: Materals, Protection, 2014, no. 7, pp. 27–32. (In Russian). 16. Chubukov A.I., Novikov A.V. [Study of resistance of welded joints of AISI 316TI and 10X17H13M2T and 12X18H10T steels to intergranular corrosion]. Nauka v dvizhenii: ot otrazheniya k sozdaniyu real’nosti: materialy II Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem [Proceedings of the II AllRussian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation “Science in motion: from reflection to the creation of reality”], Almetyevsk, 2017, pp. 173–178. (In Russian). 17. Mao K.S., Sun C., Huang Y., Shiau C.-H., Garner F.A., Freyer P.D., Wharry J.P. Grain orientation dependence of nanoindentation and deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation in neutron irradiated AISI 304L stainless steel. Materialia, 2019, vol. 5, p. 100208. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100208. 18. Saied M. Experimental and numerical modeling of the dissolution of δ-ferrite in the Fe-Cr-Ni system: Application to austenitic stainless steels. PhD thesis. University Grenoble Alpes, 2016. 220 p. 19. Leone G.L., Kerr H.W. The ferrite to austenite transformation in stainless steels. Welding Research Supplement, 1982, vol. 61 (1), pp. 13s–22s. 20. Kalmykova T.D., Kuznetsov V.V. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of flotation beneficiation of polymetallic raw materials. E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, vol. 266, p. 02015. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202126602015. 21. Kovalev P.V., Kazantsev E.S., Ryaboshuk S.V., Erokhina O.O., Matveev I.A. Development of a methodology for studying the influence of technological factors of production on the quality of large ingots from stamped steel grades 5XHM and 56NiCrMoV7. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1582, p. 012028. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1582/1/012028. 22. Zhuang F., Sui W., Xie G., Shao S., Han Z., Liu W. Analysis of the gasket damage and sealing performance for the thread ring block heat exchanger. Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASME, 2019, vol. 1, p. V001T01A068. DOI: 10.1115/PVP2019-93055. 23. Tan X., Jiang Y., Chen Y., Tong A., Li J., Sun Y. Roles of different components of complex inclusion in pitting of 321 stainless steel: Induction effect of CaS and inhibition effect of TiN. Corrosion Science, 2022, vol. 209, p. 110692. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110692. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2023 The Authors. Published by Novosibirsk State Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1