Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Kisel’ A.G., Churankin V.G. Predicting the coolant lubricating properties based on its density and wetting eff ect.................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Berezin I.M., Zalazinsky A.G., Kryuchkov D.I. Analytical model of equal-channel angular pressing of titanium sponge.............................................................................................................................................. 17 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Kuts V.V., Chevychelov S.A. Theoretical study of the curvature of the treated surface during oblique milling with prefabricated milling cutters....................................................................................................................... 32 Skeeba V.Yu., Zverev E.A., Skeeba P.Yu., Chernikov A.D., Popkov A.S. Hybrid technological equipment: on the issue of a rational choice of objects of modernization when carrying out work related to retrofi tting a standard machine tool system with an additional concentrated energy source................................................ 45 MATERIAL SCIENCE Vorontsov A.V., Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Moskvichev E.N., Novitskaya O.S., Knyazhev E.O., Denisova Yu.A., Leonov A.A., Denisov V.V. In-situ analysis of ZrN/CrN multilayer coatings under heating................................................................................................................................................................. 68 Kornienko E.E., Gulyaev I.P., Kuzmin V.I., Tambovtsev A.S., Tyryshkin P.A. Structure and properties of WC-10Co4Cr coatings obtained with high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying.................................... 81 Balanovsky A.E., Nguyen V.V., Astafi eva N.A., Gusev R.Yu. Structure and properties of low carbon steel after plasma-jet hard-facing of boron-containing coating............................................................................. 93 Emurlaeva Yu.Yu., Lazurenko D.V., Bataeva Z.B., Petrov I.Yu., Dovzhenko G.D., Makogon L.D., Khomyakov M.N., Emurlaev K.I., Bataev I.A. Evaluation of vacancy formation energy for BCC-, FCC-, and HCP-metals using density functional theory................................................................................................ 104 EDITORIALMATERIALS 117 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 127 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 technology Predicting the coolant lubricating properties based on its density and wetting effect Anton Kisel’ 1, a, *, Vyacheslav Churankin 2, b 1 Kaliningrad State Technical University, 1 Sovetsky Prospekt, Kaliningrad, 236022, Russian Federation 2 Omsk State Technical University, 11 Prospekt Mira, Omsk, 644050, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8014-0550, kisel1988@mail.ru, b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-1340, churvg@mail.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 2 pp. 6–16 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-6-16 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 24 January 2023 Revised: 27 February 2023 Accepted: 21 March 2023 Available online: 15 June 2023 Keywords: Coolant Friction machine Lubricating action Coefficient of friction Coolant efficiency Density Limiting wetting angle Empirical dependence Acknowledgements Research were partially conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”. ABSTRACT Introduction. The processes occurring in the cutting zone contribute to the rapid wear of the cutting tool and a decrease in the quality of the workpiece. It is possible to reduce the impact of negative factors during metal cutting through a rational choice of coolant. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for the accelerated assessment of the coolant lubricating properties. Methods. This paper presents experimental studies of the lubricating effect of seven different grades of coolant, during friction of a T15K6 (15 % TiC–79% WC–6 % Co) hard alloy pad and a rotating roller made of carbon structural Steel 45 (0.45 % C) are presented. As a parameter of coolant efficiency in terms of lubricating effect, this paper proposes an efficiency coefficient Kc, which is equal to the ratio between the friction coefficient that occurs when using coolant and the friction coefficient during friction without coolant. The lower the coefficient Kc, the more effective this coolant is in terms of lubricating effect. Results. Empirical dependences of the coefficient Kc on the coolant density ρ and the limiting wetting angle Θ (Kc = f(ρ; Θ)) are established. Since the low significance of the parameter ρ is established, the formula for the dependence of the Kc only on the limiting wetting angle Θ (Kc = f(Θ)) is established in the work. It is established that the dependence formula (Kc = f(Θ) provides the highest accuracy of calculations. Discussion. After evaluating the research results presented in this paper, the following conclusions are made: 1) the paper establishes the influence of the coolant density and the limiting wetting angle on the coolant efficiency coeffcient for the lubricating effect determined for the friction between a roller made of Steel 45 and a pad made of T15K6 alloy: Kc = f(ρ; Θ) and Kc = f(Θ); 2) the greatest accuracy of calculations from 2.75 to 15 % is provided by the formula for the dependence Kc = f(Θ); 3) the dependence Kc = f(Θ)is proposed to be used for the method for the accelerated assessment of the coolant lubricating properties during friction of a pad made of T15K6 alloy and a rotating roller made of Steel 45. The proposed method consists in measuring the limiting wetting angle of a coolant drop on the surface of the workpiece and calculating the derived empirical dependence of the coolant efficiency coefficient on the lubricating effect. For citation: Kisel’ A.G., Churankin V.G. Predicting the coolant lubricating properties based on its density and wetting effect. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) =Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 6–16. DOI: 10.17212/19946309-2023-25.2-6-16. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Kisel’ Anton G., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor Kaliningrad State Technical University, 1 Sovetsky Prospekt, 236022, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 (999) 458-08-25, e-mail: kisel1988@mail.ru Introduction Metal cutting is accompanied by a variety of physical processes occurring in the cutting zone: high temperature, friction between the cutting tool, chips and workpiece, internal friction, high cutting force, vibrations of the cutting tool and the workpiece. These processes result in the rapid wear of the cutting tool and the workpiece quality reduction. Such processes include high temperature, friction between the chip and the cutting tool on the face, friction between the workpiece and the cutting tool on the flank, internal friction during plastic deformation of the workpiece material, high cutting force, and vibrations of the
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 cutting tool and the workpiece. The ongoing processes lead to the cutting tool rapid wear and to a decrease in the quality of the workpiece being processed. The elimination of negative factors in metal cutting is ensured by the rational choice of processing modes, cutting tools and the supply of coolant to the cutting zone. However, the rational choice of coolant at production site is not given due attention. At the same time, it is known that different coolants, due to different properties, have different effects on the cutting process. Machine tests are required for selecting a coolant that provides the required quality of the workpiece being processed, the longest period of durability of the cutting tool and high productivity of the processing [1–5]. However, such tests require a lot of time and expenditures for the most efficient cutting tools and coolant purchasing. In turn, laboratory tests are quite economical and require much less time than machine tests. Therefore, in order to develop a methodology for accelerated evaluation of the lubricating properties of a coolant, it was decided to carry out laboratory tests instead of machine ones. Despite the advantages of laboratory tests, in the course thereof, it is not possible to reproduce all the conditions that arise during metal cutting. During such tests, not the entire process is simulated, but only some of its elements that have the greatest impact on the cutting process [5–16]. However, reducing the negative impact of even one factor can lead to a positive effect when cutting itself. Based on the scientific literature about coolants, it can be concluded that the main functional actions of coolants are lubricating and cooling [17]. But modeling even one of the types of functional actions will allow choosing a coolant that will reduce the influence of negative factors occurring during the workpiece processing. What is important is only which of the functional actions is the most significant one under the given processing conditions. One of the most important functional actions of the coolant is the lubricating action. This is justified by the fact that a decrease in the force and the coefficient of friction during cutting provides a decrease in the intensity of the cutting tool wear, an increase in the quality of the processed surface of the workpiece and a decrease in the temperature in the processing zone. Therefore, improving the lubricating effect of a coolant is an important task. The analysis of the scientific literature published recently has shown that reducing the influence of friction on the cutting process is still an urgent task. Friction reduction is achieved in several ways: – addition of particles of any substance that has an antifriction effect to the coolant composition [1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15–20]; – use of solid lubricants instead of liquid and anti-wear coatings on the cutting tool surfaces [7, 10–12, 21, 22]; – various physical phenomena effecting the coolant, such as ultrasound, electric current and others [11, 13, 14]; – using more effective oils as a coolant base [2, 20]; – increasing the service life of the coolant by its sterilization in various ways, which allows to maintain a low coefficient of friction for longer period [23]; – using ionic liquids as coolants [8, 14, 24]. Despite the large number of ways to reduce friction in the cutting zone, the problem of choosing the most effective coolant for cutting metal workpieces has not been completely solved at present. In addition, the choice of a coolant is also difficult because there is a fairly large constantly increasing range of coolants on sale. This research work is aimed at developing a methodology for accelerated evaluation of the lubricating properties of a coolant. The results obtained will facilitate the selection of an effective brand of a coolant according to its lubricating action. Therefore, the presented results will be useful for those cutting conditions, under which large frictional forces arise, for example, during rough cutting. This is due to the fact that during roughing, a large cutting depth and feed rate are set. Thus, the purpose of this work is to develop a methodology for an accelerated assessment of the lubricating properties of cutting fluids used in metal cutting. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to evaluate experimentally the lubricating effect of the coolant on the friction machine;
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 technology 2) to evaluate the density of the coolants used and its wetting effect in laboratory conditions; 3) to establish the dependence of the index of the lubricating action of coolants on its density and wetting action simultaneously and separately; 4) to establish the accuracy of calculations of the indicator of the lubricating action of the coolant according to the derived dependencies; 5) to develop a methodology for predicting the lubricating properties of coolant based on laboratory tests. Research technique Investigation of the lubricating properties of a coolant In studies of the lubricating effect of a coolant, a friction machine of the model II5018 was used. The parameter for evaluating the lubricating effect was the real coefficient of friction µ. For the evaluation, water-based coolants were used, since this type is the most common in the production of metal parts. The applied coolants of various compositions were experimental developments of the company NPO Promekologiya LLC (Omsk). Therefore, all coolants were numbered and labelled as coolant 1, coolant 2, coolant 3, coolant 4, coolant 5, coolant 6, and coolant 7. The studies were carried out according to the “pad – roller”. The pad was made of solid titanium-tungsten-cobalt alloy 15% TiC–79% WC–6% Co, the roller was made of carbon structural steel 45 (0.45% C). The principle of operation of the machine presupposes the abrasion of a pair of samples pressed against each other with a force of R. The “pad–roller” test scheme used allows simulating turning: the role of the workpiece is played by a rotating roller made of the material being processed, and the role of the tool — by a pad made of tool material pressed against the roller. The research was carried out with a pressure force on the pad P = 1,000 N and a roller rotation speed n = 250 rpm corresponding to low modes. This was done purposefully, since with increasing modes, the friction force and wear of the pads and roller increases, and the coefficient of friction changes slightly. As a parameter of coolant efficiency by lubricating action, this paper proposes an efficiency coefficient Kc, which is equal to the ratio of the coefficient of friction arising from the use of coolant to the coefficient of friction while friction without coolant. The smaller the coefficient Kc, the more effective the coolant is in terms of lubricating action. Since the purpose of the studies was to develop a methodology for accelerated evaluation of the lubricating properties of coolant, at the next stage it was decided to select coolant parameters that could potentially affect the lubricating effect of a coolant and would not require the use of complex equipment for its evaluation. One of these parameters is the density (ρ, kg/m3), which is easy to estimate in the laboratory. Another property affecting the lubricating effect of a coolant is its wetting effect, which is estimated by the limiting wetting angle (Θ, degrees) [17]. Investigation of a coolant density Experimental estimation of the density of the coolant under investigation was carried out using analytical balance AND DL-200 with a discreteness of 0.001 g. The analytical balance used is shown in figure 1. During the tests, each coolant was poured into a measuring container. The volume of the studied coolant was 120 ml. The measuring container was put on the balance pan and held for Fig. 1. Analytical balance AND DL-200
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 30 seconds to eliminate the influence of vibrations. After the mass value stopped fluctuating, its value was recorded in the table. Then the density values of each brand of a coolant were calculated according to the following formula: r = , m V (1) where m is the coolant mass, kg; V is the coolant volume, m3 (which was equal to 120·10–6 m3). Investigation of the wetting properties of a coolant The wetting properties of the coolant are evaluated by the value of the wetting edge angle Θ. The values of the wetting edge angle were measured using an electronic digital microscope. For these studies, a workpiece made of the same alloy as the roller, used in the studies of the lubricating properties of a coolant, was used. During the tests, the axis of the electron microscope lens was installed in the same plane with the surface of the workpiece since in this position it is possible to set the true value of the wetting edge angle. The digital microscope is shown in figure 2. Fig. 2. Digital microscope During the tests, the investigated coolant was applied to the dry surface of the workpiece using a pipette. After the coolant drop assumed a static position, an image of this drop was recorded using a microscope. According to this technique, images of drops of all coolants were obtained. An example of such an image is shown in figure 3. The assessment of the wetting edge angle of every coolant on the surface of the steel workpiece was carried out using a computer drawing software COMPASS v18. In this case, a straight line was drawn, which is a projection of the surface of the workpiece, as well as a line that is a projection of the interface between the coolant drop and the surrounding air. At the intersection point of the constructed lines, a tangent line was drawn to the surface line of the coolant drop. The wetting edge angle was the angle between the tangent Fig. 3. A drop of a coolant on the surface of a steel workpiece: 1 – a coolant drop; 2 – a steel workpiece
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 technology line to the drop surface and the projection of the surface of the steel workpiece. One of the constructed edge angles of a coolant wetting is shown in figure 4. According to the described method, the limiting wetting angle of every tested coolant brand was determined. Ta b l e 1 Indicators of the coolant lubricating effect Coolants µ Kc Without coolant 0.604 – Coolant 1 0.148 0.25 Coolant 2 0.117 0.19 Coolant 3 0.130 0.22 Coolant 4 0.090 0.15 Coolant 5 0.082 0.14 Coolant 6 0.119 0.20 Coolant 7 0.119 0.20 Ta b l e 2 Coolant densities Coolants ρ, kg/m3 Coolant 1 947.76 Coolant 2 926.56 Coolant 3 957.60 Coolant 4 945.29 Coolant 5 953.43 Coolant 6 940.36 Coolant 7 945.14 Ta b l e 3 Coolant limiting wetting angles Brand of coolant Θ, ° Coolant 1 16.13 Coolant 2 12.6 Coolant 3 10.02 Coolant 4 3.38 Coolant 5 6.2 Coolant 6 5.72 Coolant 7 9.1 Fig. 4. Measured value of the coolant limiting wetting angle Results and discussion The obtained results of the evaluation of the lubricating effect of a coolant, its density and wetting action are presented in tables 1–3. In the current study, it is assumed that the efficiency coefficient of coolant for lubricating action Kc depends on the coolant density ρ and the wetting contact angle Θ. In order to establish the empirical dependence of these parameters, the computer program STATISTICA 12 was used. As a result, two graphical dependencies were built Kc = f(ρ;Θ): quadratic and linear (Fig. 5). The parameter Var1 denotes the coefficient Kc, the parameter Var2 is ρ, kg/m3, and the parameter Var3 is the wetting edge angle Θ, degrees. In addition,
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 a b Fig. 5. Characteristic curves Kc = f(ρ;Θ): a – quadratic; b – linear with the help of the specified program, mathematical formulas describing the presented dependencies were established. In addition, using the STATISTICA 12 software, mathematical formulas describing the presented dependencies were established: Kc = 100.9073 - 0.2001ρ - 1.225Θ + 9.8915 ∙ 10 5ρ2 + 0.0013ρΘ - 0.0003Θ2; (2) Kc = -0.4622 + 0.0006ρ + 0.0071Θ (3) At the next stage of research, in order to determine the most accurate of the obtained dependencies, calculations were performed using formulas (2) and (3). The obtained values were compared with experimental values of Kc and the values of relative calculation errors were found. As a result, it was found that the error of calculations according to formula (2) modulo was from 1.49 to 41.16 %. The error of calculations according to the formula (3) modulo ranged from 3.58 to 28.68 %. Thus, the accuracy of calculations according to formula (3) is 1.44 times higher than according to formula (2). The evaluation of formula (3) shows that the constant coefficient for the variable ρ is significantly less than the coefficient for the variable Θ: by 11.83 times. This indicates the higher importance of the wetting edge angle when calculating the coefficient Kc Therefore, finding out the dependence Kc = f(r) is impractical, and the previous purpose of the research was to find out the dependence Kc = f(Θ). The constructed graph is shown in figure 6. The dependence shown in figure 6 is approximated by a straight line. The formula describing the constructed line is also shown in figure 6. By comparing the calculated values of Club with the experimental values of Kc, the relative error of calculations was established: from 2.75 to 23.99 %. It should be noted Fig. 6. Characteristic curve Kc = f(Θ)
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 technology that the calculation error of 23.99 % was obtained only at one point. The error in determining Kc at other points did not exceed 15 %. Thus, a point with an error of 23.99 % can be neglected. Since it was found that the calculation error according to the formula of the dependence Kc = f(Θ) is the smallest, the following dependence can be used to predict the effectiveness of the coolant by the lubricating action during friction of the 15% TiC–79% WC–6% Co alloy pad and the rotating roller made of steel 45 (0.45% C): Kc = 0.0069·Θ + 0.1308. (4) Thus, the method of accelerated evaluation of the lubricating properties of coolant used in metal cutting presumes the following algorithm: 1) apply a drop of the test coolant to the workpiece made of the required material using a pipette; 2) after the coolant drop has assumed a static position, fix its image using an electron microscope; 3) using a CAD software (COMPASS v18 or another similar one), draw a straight line on the resulting image, which is a projection of the surface of the workpiece, as well as a line that is a projection of the interface between the coolant drop and the surrounding air; 4) at the intersection point of the constructed lines, draw a tangent to the surface of the coolant drop; 5) measure the angle between the tangent line to the drop surface and the projection of the workpiece surface (wetting edge angle); 6) calculate the efficiency coefficient of coolant by lubricating action according to the formula (4) (for steel workpiece); 7) by the value of Kc, evaluate the efficiency of coolant. At the same time, the efficiency of coolant can be discussed if the value of Kc < 0. The smaller the Kc, the more effective the coolant is in terms of lubricating action. Conclusion After evaluating the results of the studies presented in this paper, the following conclusions were made. 1. In the work, the dependences of the coolant efficiency coefficient on the lubricating action determined for the friction between the roller made of steel 45 (0.45% C) and the pad made of 15% TiC–79% WC– 6% Co alloy on the coolant density and the coolant limiting wetting angle are established: Kc = f(ρ; Θ), Kc = f(ρ ) and Kc = f(Θ). 2. The greatest accuracy of calculations from 2.75 to 15% is provided by the formula of dependence Kc = f(Θ): Kc = 0.0069·Θ+ 0.1308. 3. The dependence Kc = f(Θ) is proposed to be used for the methodology of accelerated evaluation of the lubricating properties of coolant during friction of the 15% TiC–79% WC–6% Co alloy pad and the rotating roller made of steel 45 (0.45% C). The proposed method presupposes measuring the limiting wetting edge angle of a drop of coolant on the surface of the workpiece and calculating the derived empirical dependence of the coolant efficiency coefficient on the lubricating action. The lubricating action is one of the main, but not the only functional action of the coolant. Therefore, with different processing modes, the degree of influence of this action on the cutting process will be different. The use of coolant chosen according to the proposed method will have a positive effect, but the greatest effect will be under conditions when the lubricating action is dominant. For example, at low cutting speeds, when high temperatures do not occur in the processing zone and the lubricating effect overlays. References 1. Li G., Yi S., Li N., Pan W., Wen C., Ding S. Quantitative analysis of cooling and lubricating effects of graphene oxide nanofluids in machining titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2019, vol. 271, pp. 584–598. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.04.035.
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