Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Kisel’ A.G., Churankin V.G. Predicting the coolant lubricating properties based on its density and wetting eff ect.................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Berezin I.M., Zalazinsky A.G., Kryuchkov D.I. Analytical model of equal-channel angular pressing of titanium sponge.............................................................................................................................................. 17 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Kuts V.V., Chevychelov S.A. Theoretical study of the curvature of the treated surface during oblique milling with prefabricated milling cutters....................................................................................................................... 32 Skeeba V.Yu., Zverev E.A., Skeeba P.Yu., Chernikov A.D., Popkov A.S. Hybrid technological equipment: on the issue of a rational choice of objects of modernization when carrying out work related to retrofi tting a standard machine tool system with an additional concentrated energy source................................................ 45 MATERIAL SCIENCE Vorontsov A.V., Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Moskvichev E.N., Novitskaya O.S., Knyazhev E.O., Denisova Yu.A., Leonov A.A., Denisov V.V. In-situ analysis of ZrN/CrN multilayer coatings under heating................................................................................................................................................................. 68 Kornienko E.E., Gulyaev I.P., Kuzmin V.I., Tambovtsev A.S., Tyryshkin P.A. Structure and properties of WC-10Co4Cr coatings obtained with high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying.................................... 81 Balanovsky A.E., Nguyen V.V., Astafi eva N.A., Gusev R.Yu. Structure and properties of low carbon steel after plasma-jet hard-facing of boron-containing coating............................................................................. 93 Emurlaeva Yu.Yu., Lazurenko D.V., Bataeva Z.B., Petrov I.Yu., Dovzhenko G.D., Makogon L.D., Khomyakov M.N., Emurlaev K.I., Bataev I.A. Evaluation of vacancy formation energy for BCC-, FCC-, and HCP-metals using density functional theory................................................................................................ 104 EDITORIALMATERIALS 117 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 127 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 Structure and properties of WC-10Co4Cr coatings obtained with high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying Elena Kornienko 1, а,*, Igor Gulyaev 2, b, Viktor Kuzmin 2, c, Alexandr Tambovtsev 2, d, Pavel Tyryshkin 2, e 1 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 2 Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, 4/1 Institutskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-5422, e.kornienko@corp.nstu.ru, b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-6793, gulyaev@itam.nsc.ru, c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9951-7821, vikuzmin57@mail.ru, d http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1635-9352, alsetam123@icloud.com, e https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8125-6772, pavel99730@gmail.com Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 2 pp. 81–92 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-81-92 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 24 March 2023 Revised: 02 April 2023 Accepted: 08 April 2023 Available online: 15 June 2023 Keywords: Plasma spraying High velocity atmospheric plasma spraying Coating WC-Co HV-APS Funding The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (project No. 121030500145-0). Acknowledgements Research was partially conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”. ABSTRACT Introduction. Carbon steel is often used for the manufacture of various machine parts, but its operation in aggressive conditions (operation of steel parts under conditions of wear, high temperatures and aggressive corrosive environments) contributes to an extreme decline in properties, up to failure. To solve this problem the modification of the working surfaces of steel parts can be used. It increases its wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and service life. Metal-ceramic coatings based on WC are often used to improve the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of steel parts. The work purpose is to study the effect of high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying (HV-APS) modes on the structure, phase composition and properties of WC-Co coatings. Materials and methods. 86% WC-10% Co-4% Cr coatings were deposited on a mild steel substrate with help of the HV-APS method. The structure and phase composition of the coatings were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray phase analysis. In addition, the results of measurements of porosity, microhardness, wear resistance, as well as a qualitative assessment of the adhesion are shown in this paper. Results and discussion. It is shown that all coatings are characterized by high density, absence of cracks and oxide films. Using the SEM and XRD methods, it is found that the coatings contain WC and W2C particles uniformly distributed in the metal matrix. The matrix is an amorphous or nanocrystalline supersaturated Co(W,C) solid solution. The maximum amount of carbides (49 %) is observed in coatings obtained by deposition from a distance of 170 mm, arc current – 140 A; the minimum (25 %) is observed in coatings obtained by deposition from a distance of 250 mm, arc current – 200 A. The coatings with the maximum amount of carbides have the maximum values of microhardness (1,284 HV0.1) and wear resistance. It is established that all coatings are characterized by high adhesion. For citation: Kornienko E.E., Gulyaev I.P., Kuzmin V.I., Tambovtsev A.S., Tyryshkin P.A. Structure and properties of WC-10Co4Cr coatings obtained with high velocity atmospheric plasma spraying. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 81–92. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.2-81-92. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Kornienko Elena E., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, 630073, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Tel.: 8 (383) 346-11-71, e-mail: e.kornienko@corp.nstu.ru Introduction Various machine components are often made of steel. This is because steel has the complex of high mechanical, technological and physical-chemical properties. Despite these advantages, the operation of steel components in aggressive conditions – operation of steel parts under conditions of wear, high temperatures and aggressive corrosive environments – contributes to a rapid decrease in its properties, up to failure. The
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 solution to this problem is the modification of the working surfaces of steel parts can be used to increase its wear resistance and corrosion resistance, which will increase its service life [1, 2]. In addition, the formation of thin coatings saves a permissible level of ductility of the components. Steel components with cermet coatings based on tungsten carbide (WC) are often used in industries such as oil, aerospace, metallurgical, chemical, and machine building due to its high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance [3–6]. The main technologies for these materials’ production are HVOF and APS [7–11]. Due to its high hardness and brittleness, WC particles are usually deposited together with a metal binder to form composite coatings. Such coatings combine high ductility, impact strength, and technological effectiveness of the binder (Co, Ni, Ti, Fe, Cu, and others) and high wear and corrosion resistance of ceramics [12, 13]. The change the spraying modes or the characteristics of the sprayed powder allows control the structure, phase composition, and also the properties of the coatings. The authors of [14] established the dependence of the porosity and corrosion resistance of 88% WC-12% Co HVOF coatings on the heating temperature of particles in a carrier gas jet. A higher heating temperature contributed to the formation of an amorphous structure in the coatings and an increase in corrosion resistance. The authors of [15] showed that the change of HVOF modes affect the phase composition, porosity, and hardness of 88% WC-12% Co coatings and allow controlling its tribological characteristics. It is stated in [16–18] that the use of nanostructured WC-Co powder makes it possible to significantly increase the hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared to coatings obtained from micron-sized WC-Co powders. The paper [7] shows that the use of pore-free ultrafine-grained WC-Co powder made it possible to obtain coatings consisting only of WC and an amorphous and nanocrystalline Co matrix. Its wear resistance was 4 times higher than that of coatings obtained from a coarser powder. On the other hand, the authors of [19, 20] demonstrated that when deposited by gas-thermal methods, most of the nanosized WC powder has time to decompose in the spray jet, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the wear resistance of the formed coatings. The paper [5] shows that the composition of the Ar/He or Ar/H2 plasma-forming gas has an influence on wear resistance more than the size of the sprayed particles. For example, the Ar/He plasma jet (with a lower operating temperature) reduced the degree of decarburization of the WC particles and thus increases its volume fraction in the coating. Since the coatings sprayed with Ar/He jet had a higher volume fraction of WC particles, it was characterized by higher values of hardness, wear resistance, and also toughness. The authors also reported that during Ar/He plasma spraying with a jet, coatings made of nanosized powder, rather than made of micron powder, had greater wear resistance. Sum up, the following conclusion can be drawn: nowadays, HVOF and APS methods for obtaining cermet coatings have been investigated in sufficient detail. It is shown that after the development of the technology of deposition of a particular powder, it is possible to clearly control the properties of the resulting coatings. This paper presents the results of studying the effect of HV-APS modes using air as a plasmaforming gas on the structure, phase composition, and properties of WC-Co coatings. Method of experiment A commercial granulated 86% WC-10% Co-4% Cr powder with a dispersion of 15–38 µm was used for the coatings spraying. HV-APS was performed using an electric arc plasma torch PNK-50 developed by the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Cylindrical substrates for spraying with a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 7.5 mm were prepared from a commercial low carbon Steel 20 (0.2% C). The cermet coatings were sprayed to the frontal surface of the cylindrical substrates, which was precleared by sandblasting. Table 1 shows HV-APS modes. The variable parameter was the spraying distance – 170 and 250 mm and the arc current – 140, 170 and 200 A. Air with the addition of 4 vol.% methane was used as the plasma-forming, transporting, and focusing gas. Samples for structural studies, as well as measurements of microhardness and porosity, were transverse microsections prepared according to the standardmethod: mechanical grinding using suspensions containing Al2O3 particles of various grain sizes (9, 6, 3 and 1 μm) and finishing polishing on cloth using colloidal
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 a solution of silicon oxide with a grain size of 0.04 μm. The microstructure of the samples was studied using an Olympus GX-51 optical microscope (Olympus, Japan) equipped with the OLYMPUS Stream Image Analysis Stream Essentials 1.9.1 software for measuring the porosity of materials, as well as a Carl Zeiss EVO50 XVP scanning electron microscope with an EDS X-Act microanalyzer. The phase composition was studied using an ARL X’TRA X-ray diffractometer in CuKα radiation. The diffraction patterns were recorded at the time t = 3 s with a step Δ2θ = 0.05º. To reveal the phase composition, a layer about 50 μm thick was removed from each sample from the side of the coating. The microhardness of the structural components of the coatings was evaluated on a Wolpert Group 402MVD microhardness tester at a load of 100 g [21]. Wear tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM G65. The cermet coatings were spraying on steel plates with the size of 25×75×3 mm. The coatings thickness was 300–350 µm. During the test, the abrasive material (electrocorundum) was fed into the friction zone and pressed against the sample by a rotating rubber roller. The sample was pressed against the roller with a lever (a force of 44 N). The rotational speed of the roller was 60 rpm. Based on the results of weighing, the arithmetic mean value of the weight loss was determined. To assess the adhesion of the coatings, the samples were bent with 180° around a guide roll with a diameter of 10 mm according to ASTM E-290. Results and discussion Coatings microstructure Fig. 1 shows XRD spectra of the initial powder and coatings formed by different spraying modes. The main phases of the powder are tungsten carbide WC (51-939) and cobalt Co (15-806) (Fig. 1, a). The X-ray patterns of all coatings (Fig. 1, b–g) are almost the same: the main phases are WC (65-4539) and W2C (35-776). The peak intensity of the WC phase in the coatings is lower than in the powder, which indicates its lower volume fraction. It could indicate its lower volume fraction. The W2C phase is formed as a result of decarburization of WC according to the reactions [22]: 2WC ↔W2C + C; 2WC + O2 ↔W2C + CO2. The shift of the diffraction peak of the W2C phase could indicate a change in the interatomic distances. The absence of cobalt in the coatings’ X-ray diffraction patterns is explained with the fact that, during spraying part of the WC is dissolved in the cobalt matrix, and then upon rapid cooling an amorphous or nanocrystalline supersaturated Co(W,C) solid solution is formed on a cold substrate or already solidified splats. Its formation is indicated by a wide diffraction halo in the range 2θ = 37–47°. According to the data of [22–24], the formation of η phases (Co3W3C, Co2W4C, or Co6W6C) is also possible in the matrix, although we did not identify it with X-ray diffraction analysis. Fig. 2, a–f shows the cross-sectional images of the WC-Co coatings fabricated by different modes. Its average thickness is 150–200 µm. All coatings are characterized with high density and good adhesion Ta b l e 1 The modes of HV-APS Spraying distance, mm Arc current, A Spraying modes 170 140 170/140 170 170/170 200 170/200 250 140 250/140 170 250/170 200 250/200
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of powder (a) and coatings formed by different modes: b – 170/140; c – 170/170; d – 170/200; e – 250/140; f – 250/170; g – 250/200 a b c d e f Fig. 2. The structure of HV-APS coatings. The modes: a – 170/140; b – 170/170; c – 170/200; d – 250/140; e – 250/170; f – 250/200
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 bonding to the substrate. The absence of cracks, as well as carbide particles crumbled out during spraying, indicates a high cohesive bonding. All coatings have a layered structure typical for thermal spraying. It should be noted that the resulting coatings are characterized by a significant difference in the mass fraction of carbides. Fig. 2, a–c (top row) shows coatings obtained at a spraying distance of 170 mm, and Fig. 2, d–f (bottom row) – at a distance of 250 mm. The arc current was also changed during spraying: 140 A (Fig. 2, a, d), 170 A (Fig. 2, b, e) and 200 A (Fig. 2, c, f). It can be seen that the spraying distance, as well as the arc current, have a significant effect on the amount of carbides. The dependence of the mass fraction of carbides on the spraying modes is shown in Fig. 3. The amount of WC and W2C decreases with increasing arc current and spraying distance. This is because the arc current increases, therefor the plasma flow temperature also increases, which leads to heating of WC particles to higher temperatures. The maximum amount of carbides (49 %) is observed in coatings formed using the 170/140 mode, the minimum (25 %) is in the 250/200 mode. Fig. 4, a shows the SEM image of the coating obtained by the BSE mode. It can be seen that the WC particles are located inside the splats and have different size (points 4 and 5 in Fig. 4, a). There are also areas without WC particles in the coatings (points 1–3 in Fig. 4, a). Depending on the time of exposure to high temperatures on the tungsten carbide particles, the degree of its decomposition will be different. It is known that when heated in a plasma jet, WC particles begin to melt and tungsten and carbon atoms diffuse into the liquid cobalt matrix. When this molten material is cooled at rates much higher than the critical ones, an amorphous or nanocrystalline supersaturated Co(W,C) solid solution is fixed. The scheme (Fig. 4b) shows that the degree of decarburization of WC particles is not the same in different splats. Thus, the particles practically do not melt in splats with a darker matrix (point 5 in Fig. 4, a) in contrast to splats with a lighter matrix (point 4 in Fig. 4. a). Depending on the amount of tungsten and carbon dissolved in cobalt, the matrix is characterized by different shades of gray. According to the X-ray microanalysis data (Table 2), the lighter areas (point 1 in Fig. 4, a) contain more tungsten, while the darker areas (point 3 in Fig. 4, a) contain less. The obtained data are in good agreement with the data of [5]. Fig. 3. Dependence of the WC+W2C mass fraction on spraying modes a b Fig. 4. SEM image (a) and scheme (b) of plasma WC-Co coating
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 Ta b l e 2 Electron microprobe analysis of coatings Area, No. Chemical element, wt. % W Co C Cr 1 92.84 2.89 3.52 0.74 2 87.69 3.28 8.23 0.8 3 80.59 7.95 7.45 4.0 4 79.17 9.08 6.83 4.91 5 77.65 10.52 7.87 3.95 Fig. 5. Microhardness of coatings formed by different modes Fig. 6. Relative wear resistance of coatings formed by different modes Mechanical properties and wear resistance of WC-Co coatings The results of measurements of the coatings microhardness average values depending on the spraying mode are shown in Figs. 5. An increase in the arc current contributes to a decrease in the microhardness values, which can be explained by a decrease in the volume fraction of carbides in the coatings. The influence of the spraying distance is insignificant, while the hardness of the coatings obtained by spraying from a distance of 250 mm is slightly lower. The maximum microhardness (1,284 and 1,287 HV0.1) is typical for coatings obtained using the 170/140 and 250/140 modes. The lowest values of microhardness (1,153 and 1,140 HV0.1) are specific to coatings obtained using 170/200 and 250/200 modes. On the average, the microhardness of carbides is 1,432 ± 107 HV0.1, while that of the cobalt matrix is 772 ± 93 HV0.1. The obtained data are in good agreement with the data of [9, 25]. Fig. 6 shows the results of testing coatings for wear with abrasive particles. According the obtained data, the maximum wear resistance is typical for samples with cermet coatings obtained by 170/140 mode (relative wear resistance – 0.21), the minimum wear resistance is characterized for samples obtained by 250/200 mode (relative wear resistance – 0.14). The decrease in wear resistance can be explained by a decrease in the volume fraction of the carbide phase, which is in a good agreement with the results of microhardness measurements. To evaluate the adhesion of the coatings, 180° bend tests were carried out in the work. In all cases, the coatings cracked in the bending area, but did not peel off. Fig. 7 shows images of the surface of plates with coatings obtained by modes 170/140 (Fig. 7, a) and 250/200 (Fig. 7, b) after testing. It can be seen
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 2 2023 a b Fig. 7. The specimens with coatings after bend test: a – 170/140; b – 250/200 that the cracks in the coatings are almost straight without any branching. The distance between cracks increases with increasing arc current and spraying distance. The obtained data indicate a high adhesion of the coatings. Conclusions 1. In this paper, a range of high-quality WC-Co coatings were formed with using of HV-APS. These coatings are characterized by high density, absence of cracks and oxide films. 2. All coatings consist of WC and W2C particles uniformly distributed in the metal matrix. The matrix is an amorphous or nanocrystalline supersaturated Co(W,C) solid solution. 3. It has been shown that the spraying distance, as well as the arc current, has a significant effect on the volume fraction of carbides. The maximum amount of carbides (49%) is observed in coatings obtained by the 170/140 mode, the minimum ones (25%) — in coatings obtained by the 250/200 mode. 4. The maximum microhardness of coatings is 1,284 and 1,287 HV0.1 (modes 170/140 and 250/140), the minimum microhardness is 1,153 and 1,140 HV0.1 (modes 170/ 200 and 250/200). 5. The maximum wear resistance is typical for samples with coatings obtained by the 170/140 mode (relative wear resistance 0.21), the minimum value has coatings obtained by the 250/200 mode (relative wear resistance 0.14). 6. All coatings are characterized with high adhesion. It cracked in the bending area, but did not peel off. References 1. Afzal M., Ajmal M., Nusair Khan A., Hussain A., Akhter R. Surface modification of air plasma spraying WC-12% Co cermet coating by laser melting technique. Optics Laser, 2014, vol. 56, pp. 202–206. DOI: 10.1016/j. optlastec.2013.08.017. 2. Wu Y., Hong S., Zhang J., He Z., Guo W., Wang Q., Li G. Microstructure and cavitation erosion behavior of WC-Co-Cr coating on 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel by HVOF thermal spraying. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2012, vol. 32, pp. 21–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.01.002. 3. VenterA.M., LuzinV.,MaraisaD., Sacks N., Ogunmuyiwa E.N., Shipway P.H. Interdependence of slurry erosion wear performance and residual stress in WC-12wt%Co and WC-10wt%VC-12wt%Co HVOF coatings. International Journal Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2020, vol. 87, p. 105101. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105101. 4. Wu X., Guo Z.M., Wang H.B., Song X.Y. Mechanical properties of WC-Co coatings with different decarburization levels. Rare Metals, 2014, vol. 33, iss. 3, pp. 313–317. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-014-0257-8.
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