Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. Simulation of the rolling process of a laminated composite AMg3/ D16/AMg3.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Ilinykh A.S., Pikalov A.S., Miloradovich V.K., Galay M.S. Experimental studies of high-speed grinding rails modes.......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. The concept of microsimulation of processes of joining dissimilar materials by plastic deformation......................................................................................................................... 36 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Tratiya D.K., Sheladiya M.V., Acharya G.D., Acharya S.G. Economical crankshaft design through topology analysis for C type gap frame power press SNX-320.......................................................................... 50 Skeeba V.Yu., Vakhrushev N.V., Titova K.A., Chernikov A.D. Rationalization of modes of HFC hardening of working surfaces of a plug in the conditions of hybrid processing................................................................ 63 MATERIAL SCIENCE Ruktuev A.A., Yurgin A.B., Shikalov V.S., Ukhina A.V., Chakin I.K., Domarov E.V., Dovzhenko G.D. Structure and properties of HEA-based coating reinforced with CrB particles.................................................. 87 Maytakov A.L., Grachev A.V., Popov A.M., Li S.R., Vetrova N.T., Plotnikov K.B. Study of energy dissipation and rigidity of welded joints obtained by pressure butt welding................................................... 104 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Analysis of mechanical behavior and free vibration characteristics of treated Saccharum munja fi ber polymer composite...................................................................................................... 117 Pribytkov G.A., Baranovskiy A.V., Korzhova V.V., Firsina I.A., Krivopalov V.P. Synthesis of Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds from elemental powders mixtures.............................................................................. 126 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Free vibration and mechanical behavior of treated woven jute polymer composite............................................................................................................................................................ 137 EDITORIALMATERIALS 152 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 163 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 Rationalization of modes of HFC hardening of working surfaces of a plug in the conditions of hybrid processing Vadim Skeeba a, *, Nikita Vakhrushev 1, b, Kristina Titova 1, с , Aleksey Chernikov 2, 1, d 1 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 2 LLC “GLK-Industrial Technologies”, 177 Bolshevistskaya st., shop 16, Novosibirsk, 630083, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8242-2295, skeeba_vadim@mail.ru, b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-5329, vah_nikit@mail.ru, c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3171, krispars@yandex.ru, d https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9412-7687, aleksey.chernikov.97@mail.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 3 pp. 63–86 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-63-86 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 14 June 2023 Revised: 14 July 2023 Accepted: 27 July 2023 Available online: 15 September 2023 Keywords: Hybrid equipment Multipoint machining High energy heating Cutting Induction hardening Funding This research was funded by Russian Science Foundation project N 23-29-00945, https://rscf.ru/en/ project/23-29-00945/. Acknowledgements Researches were conducted at core facility of NSTU “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”. ABSTRACT Introduction. The development of a cluster of hybrid metalworking systems in the machine tool industry is associated with a number of positive consequences. First, such systems help reduce production costs by optimizing the use of resources and energy. This is especially true in the face of increased competition and a trend towards savings. Secondly, hybrid systems enable the production of quality products with increased efficiency. By integrating various functions in one process equipment, metalworking processes become more efficient and precise. This reduces the amount of defective products and improves the quality of the final ones. In addition, hybrid metalworking systems have autonomous functionality, which is especially important in flexible engineering production, where rapid changeover and adaptation to various production tasks is required. Thus, hybrid metalworking systems represent an important step in the development of modern mechanical engineering, helping to reduce costs, increase efficiency and ensure high product quality. The purpose of this work is to increase efficiency and reduce energy consumption during surface-thermal hardening of machine parts through the use of concentrated energy sources under integral processing conditions. Theory and Methods. To achieve this purpose, studies were carried out on the possible structural composition and layout of hybrid equipment integrating mechanical and surface-thermal processes. When developing the theory and methods, the main provisions of the structural synthesis and components of metalworking systems were taken into account. Theoretical research is based on the application of system analysis, geometric theory of surface formation and design of metalworking machines. The experiments were carried out on a modernized multi-purpose machining center MS 032.06, equipped with an additional energy source, which was a microwave thyristor-type generator SHF-10 with an operating frequency of 440 kHz, which implements high-energy heating by high-frequency currents. Structural studies were carried out using optical and scanning microscopy. The stress-strain state of the surface layer of the part was evaluated by mechanical and X-ray methods for determining residual stresses. The microhardness of the hardened surface layer of the parts was evaluated on a Wolpert Group 402MVD instrument. Results and discussion. An original method for conducting structural-kinematic analysis for pre-project studies of hybrid metalworking equipment is presented. Methodological recommendations were developed for the modernization of metal-cutting machine tools, allowing high-energy heating with high-frequency currents (HEH HFC) on a standard machine tool system and creating high-tech technological equipment with enhanced functionality. It has been experimentally confirmed that the introduction of the proposed hybrid machine into production in combination with recommendations for the appointment of high-frequency electric power units for integral processing of punch-type parts allows increasing the productivity of surface hardening by 36–40 times and reducing energy costs by 6 times. For citation: Skeeba V.Yu., Vakhrushev N.V., Titova K.A., Chernikov A.D. Rationalization of modes of HFC hardening of working surfaces of a plug in the conditions of hybrid processing. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 63–86. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-63-86. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Skeeba Vadim Yu., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation Tel: +7 (383) 346-17-79, e-mail: skeeba_vadim@mail.ru
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 3 2023 Introduction In industrialized countries, the volume of metalworking products is in the range from 35 % to 40 % of the total production [1–3]. In turn, the industrial sector accounts for more than 50 % of global energy consumption, of which countries outside the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) account for up to 67 %. The use of energy and resources in the manufacturing sector is about 40 % and 25 % of world consumption, respectively. Recently, the concept of ensuring sustainable production is gaining momentum due to the awareness of this enormous ecological impact on the environment through the significant use of energy and resources [1–6]. There is a clear understanding that sustainable growth in production is possible only if the conditions for manufacturing products are realized, under which processes are used that minimize the negative impact on the environment, conserve energy and natural resources, are safe for employees, the public and consumers and are economically justified. Consequently, the success of the development of a particular production largely depends on the effective use of metalworking machines. In this regard, in the strategically important and basic branch of mechanical engineering – machine tool industry – a cluster of hybrid metalworking systems has formed, in the design and creation of which the developers adhere to the principle of multifunctional integration [4, 7–18]. One of the options for this hightech integral equipment is machine tools that combine several technological processes of different nature (fig. 1) (e.g. milling, turning or grinding using various additional energy sources [7, 14, 17, 19–70]). The designers’ pursuance of increasing the technological potential of machine tools and ensure autonomous operation of hybrid equipment in adaptable production has led to the emergence and development of this class of equipment [7–9, 14, 16–21, 32–37, 47]. Industrial testing showed positive results, confirming the production cycle reduction for the manufacture of machine parts and a resource costs decrease when using such systems [7, 10, 14, 20–74]. a b c Fig. 1. Varieties of hybrid metalworking machines that combine machining with various heat sources: a – Induction Assisted Milling (IAM); b – Plasma Assisted Turning (PAT); с – Laser Assisted Grinding (LAG) The current investigation is concerned with the technological process of manufacturing a press brake plug, which includes the following operations: 1) machining, 2) milling and surface hardening, 3) highenergy heating by high-frequency currents (fig. 2). When developing a classical technological process for manufacturing this part, the operations of surface thermal hardening and milling are traditionally carried out on different equipment and in different workshops of a machine-building enterprise. As a result, at the thermal operation it is necessary to obtain a hardened layer of greater thickness than specified by the detailed drawing, and then, at the finish mechanical operation, remove the most effective part of the surface layer. Due to this approach, there is a decrease in efficiency both in the surface thermal and mechanical operations, as well as an increase in energy consumption at both stages of the technological process [7, 14, 17, 21, 47, 61, 71–75]. To solve this problem, it is proposed to combine two operations on one metalworking machine. Taking into account the modern development of microprocessor technology in the field of high-frequency thyristor-
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 Fig. 2. Pattern of HEH HFC hardening of a punch type industrial installations [76–81], as well as the principles of convenient integration into a hybrid machine tool system, in our work we consider the use of high-frequency generators of the SHF-10 type with a power of 10 kW [7, 14, 61, 82]. The development of new methods for assigning processing modes, which will take into account the relationship between the combined operations of the technological process, is an urgent task. These technological recommendations should ensure the production of parts with a predetermined accuracy and certain physical and mechanical properties of its working surfaces [7, 14, 17, 47, 61, 71–75, 83]. The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for assigning rational modes of HEH HFC hardening, which, under conditions of integral processing, increase productivity and reduce energy consumption during surface-thermal hardening of the working surfaces of the plug. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to develop a structural analysis methodology that that enables an effective pre-project research in the process of developing hybrid metalworking equipment. This methodology should take into account the possibility of integrating a source of concentrated energy into a standard machine tool system. 2) practical testing of the equipment complex that implements the HEH HFC technology in order to prove the effectiveness of its manufacturing application. During the testing process, the effectiveness of the technology under study will be evaluated in accordance with the specified criteria. Methodology of experimental research The executive movements of the hybrid metalworking system (HMS) and the required number of its adjustable parameters were determined by applying the structural-kinematic synthesis of the mechanisms of metal-cutting equipment [14, 82, 84–87]. The main provisions of the structural synthesis and components of the systems under consideration, given in [14, 82, 84–96], were used to study the proposed structural composition and layout of HMS, in which surface heat treatment and mechanical operations are integrated. Materials and methods of full-scale experiments For full-scale experiments, a press brake plug (fig. 3) made of U10A steel (Table 1) was chosen. The composition of the starting material was determined on an ARL 3460 optical emission spectrometer. To determine the linear dimensions, taking into account the required thickness of the heat-strengthened layer, we used the theory of dimensional chains and the method presented in the relevant works [97, 98]. The experiments were carried out on a modernized multi-purpose machining center MS032.06, equipped with an additional energy source, which was a microwave thyristor-type generator SHF-10 with an operating frequency of 440 kHz, which implements high-energy heating by high-frequency currents. Structural studies of the samples were carried out using a Carl Zeiss Axio Observer Z1m optical microscope and a Carl Zeiss EVO 50 XVP scanning electron microscope equipped with an INCA X-ACT energy dispersive analyzer (Oxford Instruments). The microstructure of the samples was revealed using
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 3 2023 Fig. 3. Press brake plug Ta b l e 1 Chemical compositions of initial material Steel Mass content of elements, [%] C Si Mn S P Cr Ni Cu U10A 1.01 0.25 0.21 0.017 0.022 0.18 0.17 0.15 a 5 % alcohol solution of nitric acid and a saturated solution of picric acid in ethanol with the addition of surfactants [99]. The microhardness of the hardened surface layer of the parts was evaluated using a Wolpert Group 402MVD instrument. Residual stresses were measured using the X-ray method on an ARL X’TRA highresolution diffractometer and the mechanical destructive method – layer-by-layer electrolytic etching of the sample [100, 101]. To detect defects in the surface layer, a visual-optical method was used using a Carl Zeiss Axio Observer A1m microscope, a capillary method, and an eddy current method using a VD-70 eddy current flaw detector. Statistical processing of the experimental studies results was carried out in the software products Statistica, Table Curve 2D and Table Curve 3D. Results and discussion In the process of developing integral metalworking equipment, it is planned to introduce the method of high-energy heating by high-frequency currents on a hybrid machine at one of the technological stages. Taking into account the design features of inductors for this process, the treated surface heating is carried out by localized areas, the dimensions of which are determined by the width of the active wire of the inductor and the length of the ferrite magnetic circuit (fig. 2). To ensure surface hardening, coordinated movements of the workpiece and tool are required, similar to those used in milling [7, 14, 17, 47, 82, 87]. Structural-kinematic analysis showed that at all stages of integral processing (pre-milling, hardening with high-frequency currents and finish milling), a similar set of executive movements and adjustable parameters is required. Subsequent synthesis of the generalized kinematic structure of the developed hybrid metalworking system based on the five-coordinate machining center MS 032.06 with a CNC control system, designed for high-performance processing of randomly located surfaces of parts installed on the worktable (fig. 4). With this method, the layout formula can be represented as follows: { } [ 0 ] [ ] h CAY XZ D d + ,
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 Fig. 4. Block schematic diagram of the hybrid metalworking machine where A and С – degree axes of the worktable; Y – vertical movement of the worktable with the workpiece; X and Z – linear tool movements; h D – spindle rotation with cutting tool; d – setting rotational motion of the inductor. Block Dh, which performs the main cutting motion during milling, is additionally marked with a ∧. After a comprehensive analysis of the required structural formula for the layout of hybrid equipment, the kinematic structure of the MS 032.06 machine and the rigidity of its base units, the main directions for upgrading the specified model of metalworking equipment were identified. The complex of pre-project studies carried out made it possible to prepare working documentation for the implementation of hybrid technological equipment that combines mechanical and surface-thermal treatments (fig. 5). As a result of calculations of the technical characteristics of hybrid metal-working equipment, it was recorded that in order to ensure a level of shaping productivity comparable to mechanical operations, it is necessary to carry out HEH HFC hardening at speeds of the order of VS ∈ [50, 100] mm/s. Conducting fullscale experiments made it possible to determine the range of specific power of the source qS (h, VS), which it is required to HEH HFC hardening: qS ∈ [1.5; 4.0] 10 8 W/m2. To confirm the effectiveness of the implementation of the developed hybrid equipment, let’s consider a specific example – the final stage of the plug processing (fig. 3). In this example, two different processing a b Fig. 5. Hybrid metal-working machine: a – general view of the machine; b – basic layout of the integral machine tool complex: 1 – machine bed; 2 – dual slides; 3 – spindle assembly; 4 – vertical slide; 5 – turntable; 6 – tool magazine; 7 – microwave thyristor-type generator SHF-10
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 3 2023 patterns are considered: using standard factory technology and using the proposed integrated processing. An analysis of the presented data will confirm the effectiveness of the introduction of the developed hybrid metalworking equipment and demonstrate the advantages that it can bring compared to traditional processing methods. According to the factory manufacturing process of the plug, after pre-machining, the operation “Surface HFC hardening” is performed. In this operation, it is necessary to take into account the technological depth of hardening, taking into account the subsequent finish machining (grinding). The technological depth of hardening in this case should be AT = 0.84 + 0.1 mm [97, 98]. However, it should be noted that according to the data of the enterprise, approximately 7 % of manufactured parts are subject to rejection due to the presence of burns and microcracks on the surface, which are formed during the “grinding” operation. To achieve the specified thickness of the hardened layer using a generator with a frequency of 440 kHz, it is required to implement a surface heating scheme. In such a scheme, the specific power and speed of the heating source will be lower compared to the volumetric scheme. The active wire of the inductor has a width RS = 4 mm and its length b = 15 mm, which corresponds to the specific power qS = 1.2∙10 7 W/m2 and the speed VS = 2 mm/s. To harden the part, it is necessary to process two sections with a total length of 300×2 = 600 mm. Both sections are processed for two longitudinal movements of the loop inductor relative to the workpiece. The total length of the tool stroke (displacement along the X axis), taking into account the entry and exit of the inductor with a continuous-sequential heating scheme, is l = (300 + 8 + 4)2 = 624 mm. With these parameters, the basic time is Tb = l/Vd = 312 s. In accordance with the general engineering standards for heat treatment at HFC installations, the auxiliary time for basing a part of the plane type is Tnp. = 15 s. Thus, the single-piece productivity is equal to 1 1 1 0.003 312 15 sp b np P s T T - = = = + + and energy demands are equal to 7 1.2 10 0.015 0.004 0.624 0.062 0.002 i s d q b R l E kW h V ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = = ≈ ⋅ . The final stage of the technological process of manufacturing a part using hybrid metal-working equipment was carried out on a modernized multi-purpose machining center MC032.06 and consisted of three transitions: preliminary (rough) and semi-finish machining, surface HFC hardening, and fine milling. The machine tool system was equipped with an additional power source, which was a microwave thyristor-type generator SHF-10 with an operating current frequency of 440 kHz. To measure and control the operating frequency of the induction heater, a Hantek DSO 1000S Series digital oscilloscope was used. Based on the dimensions of the part 25×160×300 mm made of steel U10A, a following blank was taken: a sheet 30×170×310 mm. For referencing in the machine, a pair of special self-centering vice chuck with a jaw section of 40×100 mm was used. The first stage of manufacturing was the shaping of the connecting base of the punch, which included roughing and finishing with face and end mills with carbide indexable insert. Based on the technical characteristics of the machine and the material being processed, a tool was selected and cutting conditions were calculated. For roughing, an IE21-90.11A16.040.05 end mill with a diameter of 40 mm was used with APKT113508R-GL IA6330 inserts designed for milling carbon and stainless steel, and hard materials. Cutting modes: VC = 200 m/min; ap = 5 mm; ae = 30 mm; Vf = 800 mm/min. The same tool was used for finishing the plane in the following modes: VC = 350 m/min; ap = 0.15 mm; ae = 30 mm; Vf = 500 mm/min. To form the connecting grooves, a solid carbide cutter with a diameter of 4 mm with an edge radius of 0.2 mm and a ball cutter with a diameter of 2 mm were used, in the following modes: VC = 50 m/min; ap = 0.5 mm; ae = 4 mm; Vf = 500 mm/min. During the hardening process, a loop-type inductor equipped with N87 ferrite was used (fig. 2) [7, 14, 17, 21, 47, 61, 71–73, 75, 82–83, 87]. The inductor is installed in an adapter mandrel made of ZX-324 GF30 PEEK glass-filled plastic, capable of operating at elevated temperatures and securely fixed in a tool chuck with a collet (fig. 6). The studies were carried out using intensive water circulation cooling of the inductor (fig. 2).
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 Finish milling of the working profile was carried out in the following modes: VC = 370 m/min; ap = 0.05 mm; ae = 20 mm; Vf = 250 mm/min. During machining, a universal cutting fluid (coolant) TECHCOOL 1000 with mineral oils was used. In the process of integrated workpiece processing, when its relocations between mechanical operations and surface heat treatment are leveled, the technological depth of hardening at the operation “Surface HEH HFC hardening” is AT = 0.52 +0.28 mm (finish allowance z min = 0). The absence of an additional workpiece positioning, and the fact that the premachining is carried out on non-hardened material, milling is carried out in a more intensive mode than with standard technology. Moreover, the use of hybrid technology makes it possible to intensify the cutting process of the workpiece during machining due to additional heating by a concentrated energy source. Preheating the product with high-frequency currents before using the cutting tool reduces the resistance during processing and makes the workpiece more conformable for shaping. Thus, an additional effect is achieved, which makes it possible to enhance the operation conditions during preliminary (rough) milling. At the same time, by the subsequent operation “Surface HEH HFC hardening” due to heating of the U10A carbon tool steel for hardening, it will be possible to balance the dangerous level of the stress-strain state of the workpiece surface layer. To determine the most effective modes of surface hardening in the framework of the use of hybrid processing, the relationship between the depth of hardening and process-dependent parameters for a given steel grade was established: 2 2 3 3 2 2 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S ( , ) h q V a bV cq dV eq fV q gV xq iV q jV q = + + + + + + + + + , (1) where for U10A steel the coefficients are: a = 0.906184; b = –12.343186; c = 1.851541 ∙ 10–9; d = 24.621030; e = 4.103625 ∙ 10–18; f = –1.571684 ∙ 10–8; g = –66.067377; x = –4.851607 ∙ 10–28; i = –2.040626 ∙ 10–17; j = 6.052463 ∙ 10–8. Fig. 7 shows the results of the research. Experimental data processingwas performed using STATISTICA6.0 and Table Curve 3D v 4.0 software products. It is important to note that the maximum error does not exceed 5 %, which indicates the reliability and accuracy of the results. This confirms the reliability of the study and allows taking its results into account when making decisions. When using HEH HFC, changing the geometric parameters of the source in the process of manufacturing a new inductor is a complex and spending process. In this regard, the specific power of the heating source and the speed of its movement were chosen as variable parameters. When applying induction heating, the size of the source is usually determined first, and then the other two process parameters. However, the results of mathematical and experimental studies [7, 14, 17, 21, 47, 61, 71–73, 75, 82–83, 87] showed that the obtained ranges of hardening modes do not guarantee the formation of a hardened layer Fig. 6. Processing area with high-energy heating by high-frequency currents: 1 – turntable; 2 – workpiece; 3 – self-centering vice chuck; 4 – loop inductor; 5 – adapter mandrel Fig. 7. Functional dependence h(qS, VS) for U10A steel
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 3 2023 without the appearance of hardening cracks. The main reason for the appearance of such microcracks is the internal stress-state of the material. In the case of surface hardening, special attention is paid to the depth of hardening, as this is the main parameter in the process. To achieve the desired level of hardness, it is necessary to choose the optimal steel grade. In this case, the effect on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses is possible only by changing the size of the transition zone. Taking into account the fact that the location of the maximum tensile stresses is the fracture nucleus of the part during operation, it is advisable to move the dangerous zone deeper from the surface of the product. In this case, the greatest depth of occurrence is achieved if the thickness of the transition layer is maximum. However, a balance needs to be found, because as the depth increases, the level of compressive stresses on the surface also decreases. Studies have shown that the optimal size of the transition layer should be approximately 25–33 % of the depth of the hardened layer. If this requirement is met, a balance is achieved between the transfer of stresses into the deep layers of the material and the reduction of compressive stresses on the surface, not exceeding 6–10 %. It is especially important to provide a larger transition layer when hardening steels with a high carbon content. This makes it possible to control the mechanical properties and fracture resistance of parts effectively [7, 14, 17, 21, 47, 61, 71–73, 75, 82–83, 87, 102]. In the process of selecting modes of surface hardening of parts operating under cyclic loads, an additional criterion is used – the relative value of the transition zone, denoted as Ψ(qS,VS). This criterion is defined as the ratio of the size of the transition zone to the thickness of the hardened layer. By analyzing the experimental data, the corresponding functional dependence was established ΨU10(qS,VS) (fig. 8), valid for the material under study and the range of processing modes: 2 2 3 3 2 2 10 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S ( , ) U q V k lV mq nV oq pV q rV sq tV q uV q Ψ = + + + + + + + + + , (2) where 0.25 ≤ ΨU10(qS,VS) ≤ 0.33 The value of the coefficients of functional dependence for steel grade U10A: k = 0.55499986, l = 6.376, m = -3,0969982 ∙ 10-9, n = 2.1133193 ∙ 10-6, o = -6.697454 ∙ 10-24, p = -9.444857 ∙ 10-16, r = -1.1120113 ∙ 10-5, s = 8.2498316 ∙ 10-33, t = 1.5500134 ∙ 10-24, u = 1.3319075 ∙ 10-15. The determination of the specific power and the speed of the source movement during surface hardening is carried out by solving a system of equations U10 S S U10 S S ( , ); ( , ). h q V q V Ψ for given values of the hardening depth and the relative size of the transition zone. The graphical solution of this problem is shown in fig. 9. It should be noted that the resulting range of processing modes is much smaller compared to the range of modes to achieve only a given thickness of the hardened layer. To achieve the required thickness of the hardened layer h = 0.52 mm in the process of surface HEH HFC hardening, it is necessary to select the operation parameters in the range limited by points A and B on the curve (fig. 9). These parameters include the specific power qS, which will be in the range from 2.09 · 10 8 to 2.49 · 108 W/m2, and the source travel speed V S will be from 66 to 73 mm/s. These processing modes ensure that the required hardening depth is achieved and that the transition zone is optimally sized. Since HEH HFC hardening is performed in the one workpiece location, the auxiliary time is 0 seconds. Calculation of efficiency and energy consumption at the operation “Surface HEH HFC hardening” is performed using the following equations: , S sp V E L = S s S s sp s q bR q bR L EC P V = = , where L = 614 mm (fig. 3), b = 10 mm (fig. 2). Table 2 contains the results of the calculation of energy consumption and efficiency for all combinations of operating parameters during thermal hardening of the part.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 Fig. 8. Functional dependence ΨU10(qS,VS) for U10A steel Fig. 9. The dependence of specific power of the source on its speed while HEH HFC hardening steel U10 to a depth of h = 0.52 mm. * The level of microhardness of the surface layer of the part, achieved after the operation “Surface hardening by HEH HFC” Ta b l e 2 Calculation results of the efficiency and energy consumption in the integrated processing of surface HEH HFC hardening Steel, mode Travel speed V S, m/s Specific power qS, 10 8 W/m2 Efficiency, s -1 Energy consumption, kW ∙ h U10A A 0.066 2.09 0.108 0.011 B 0.073 2.49 0.119 0.012 As a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that the use of integral processing allows significantly increasing the efficiency of surface HEH HFC hardening in comparison with the existing technology at the enterprise up to 36–40 times. In addition, energy costs are reduced by almost 6 times. The results of optical microscopy, measurements of microhardness and residual stresses are presented in the form of graphical and numerical information in fig. 10. The presented results become the basis for a deeper analysis and interpretation of the data obtained.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 3 2023 Fig. 10. Experimental results for parts made of U10A steel: a – optical microscopy; b – the distribution of microhardness and residual stresses in the surface layer ( – residual stresses obtained by X-ray determination); c – microstructure of base metal and transition zone; d – microstructure of the hardened layer a b c d Studying the graph of the microhardness distribution of the surface layer (see fig. 10a, b), three characteristic regions can be distinguished. The first region, designated as zone I, is characterized by a stable average microhardness value. The second region, or zone II, is the transition zone. Finally, the third region, or zone III, does not undergo structural and phase changes. The thickness of the hardened layer is defined as the distance from the surface to the area containing 50 % martensite. The transition layer is a region between the surface layer of a hardened metal with a constant average value of microhardness and a zone of material that has not undergone structural-phase transformations. The base metal is presented by a lamellar pearlite (fig. 10c). In addition, globular cementite with sizes from 1 to 5 µm is observed in the base metal. The transition zone, with a thickness of 0.172 mm under these processing modes (fig. 10a, b), consists of martensite (light), perlite (dark) and globular cementite (fig. 10c). The presence of perlite and cementite globules indicates that the heating temperatures of this section did not exceed the Ac3 temperature and the soaking time at this temperature was insignificant. Martensite with differently etched plates and retained austenite are observed in the hardened layer (fig. 10d). With distance from the base metal, the amount of globular cementite decreases. The hardened layer of the studied steel grade, obtained by HEH HFC at a hardening depth of 0.52 mm, has a microhardness of 910 HV. In addition, the maximum value of residual compressive stresses on the working surface of the plug is approximately sc max ≈ -700 MPa.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 Conclusion Based on the research, recommendations have been developed that are aimed at modernizing the multipurpose five-coordinate machining center MS 032.06. Its execution will make it possible to carry out highenergy heating by high-frequency currents (HEH HFC) on a standard machine tool system and to form high-tech technological equipment with extended functionality. It was experimentally confirmed that the introduction of the proposed hybrid machine and the application of the developed recommendations for establishing rational modes of HFC in the process of integral machining of plug-type parts can significantly increase the efficiency of surface hardening: 36–40 times more than when using factory technology. At the same time, energy costs are reduced by 6 times. The implementation of the presented work made it possible to obtain information that can be used to solve an urgent problem in the field of mechanical engineering. This task is related to ensuring high quality products, reducing the production cycle time, minimizing the cost of manufactured products and creating new surface characteristics of machined parts. Thus, the results of the work provide valuable recommendations and approaches to address all these aspects and improve the production process in the field of mechanical engineering. References 1. Anand Y., Gupta A., Abrol A., Gupta Ayush, Kumar V., Tyagi S.K., Anand S. Optimization of machining parameters for green manufacturing. Cogent Engineering, 2016, vol. 3, iss. 1, p. 1153292. DOI: 10.1080/23311916 .2016.1153292. 2. Lv J., Tang R., Jia Sh., LiuY. Experimental study on energy consumption of computer numerical control machine tools. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, vol. 112, pt. 5, pp. 3864–3874. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.040. 3. Martino J.P. Technological forecasting – An overview. Management Science, 1980, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 28–33. 4. Ryzhikova T.N., Borovskii V.G. Issledovanie strategicheskikh perspektiv modernizatsii stankostroeniya [Exploring the strategic perspectives for machine tool industry modernization]. Ekonomicheskii analiz: teoriya i praktika = Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice, 2017, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 835–850. DOI: 10.24891/ea.16.5.835. 5. Ghani J.A., Rizal M., Haron C.H.C. Performance of green machining: a comparative study of turning ductile cast iron FCD700. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, vol. 85, pp. 289–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.029. 6. Fernando W.L.R., Karunathilake H.P., Gamage J.R. Strategies to reduce energy and metalworking fluid consumption for the sustainability of turning operation: A review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2021, vol. 3, p. 100100. DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2021.100100. 7. Skeeba V.Yu., Ivancivsky V.V. Povyshenie effektivnosti poverkhnostno-termicheskogo uprochneniya detalei mashin v usloviyakh sovmeshcheniya obrabatyvayushchikh tekhnologii, integriruemykh na edinoi stanochnoi baze [Improving the efficiency of surfacethermal hardening of machine parts in conditions of combination of processing technologies, integrated on a single machine tool base]. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2021, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 45–71. DOI: 10.17212/19946309202 123.34571. 8. Makarov V.M., Lukina S.V. Unikal’naya sinergiya gibridnykh stankov [Unique synergy of hybrid machines]. Ritm: Remont. Innovatsii. Tekhnologii. Modernizatsiya = RITM: Repair. Innovation. Technologies. Modernization, 2016, no. 8, pp. 18–25. 9. Makarov V.M. Kompleksirovannye tekhnologicheskie sistemy: perspektivy i problemy vnedreniya [Well integrated technological systems: prospects and problems of implementation]. Ritm: Remont. Innovatsii. Tekhnologii. Modernizatsiya = RITM: Repair. Innovation. Technologies. Modernization, 2011, no. 6 (64), pp. 20–23. 10. Yanyushkin A.S., Lobanov D.V., Arkhipov P.V. Research of influence of electric conditions of the combined electro-diamond machining on quality of grinding of hard alloys. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, vol. 91, p. 012051. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/91/1/012051. 11. Mitsuishi M., Ueda K., Kimura F., eds. Manufacturing systems and technologies for the new frontier: the 41st CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems, May 26–28, 2008, Tokyo, Japan. London, Springer, 2008. 556 p. ISBN 978-1-84800-267-8. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-267-8. 12. Lauwers B., Klocke F., Klink A., Tekkaya A.E., Neugebauer R., Mcintosh D. Hybrid processes in manufacturing. CIRP Annals, 2014, vol. 63, iss. 2, pp. 561–583. DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2014.05.003.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 3 2023 13. Garro О., Martin P., Veron M. Shiva a multiarms machine tool. CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology, 1993, vol. 42, iss. 1, pp. 433–436. DOI: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62479-2. 14. Skeeba V.Yu. Gibridnoe tekhnologicheskoe oborudovanie: povyshenie effektivnosti rannikh stadii proektirovaniya kompleksirovannykh metalloobrabatyvayushchikh stankov [Hybrid process equipment: improving the efficiency of the integrated metalworking machines initial designing]. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2019, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 62–83. DOI: 10.17212/19946309-2019-21.2-62-83. 15. Brecher C., Özdemir D. Integrative production technology: theory and applications. Springer International Publ., 2017. 1100 p. ISBN 978-3-319-47451-9. ISBN 978-3-319-47452-6. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47452-6. 16. Moriwaki T. Multi-functional machine tool. CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology, 2008, vol. 57, iss. 2, pp. 736–749. DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2008.09.004. 17. Ivantsivsky V.V., Skeeba V.Yu. Gibridnoe metalloobrabatyvayushchee oborudovanie. Tekhnologicheskie aspekty integratsii operatsii poverkhnostnoi zakalki i abrazivnogo shlifovaniya [Hybrid metal working equipment. Technological aspects of integrating the operations of surface hardening and abrasive grinding]. Novosibirsk, NSTU Publ., 2019. 348 p. ISBN 978-5-7782-3988-3. 18. Yamazaki T. Development of a hybrid multi-tasking machine tool: integration of additive manufacturing technology with CNC machining. Procedia CIRP, 2016, vol. 42, pp. 81–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.193. 19. Sun S., Brandt M., Dargusch M.S. Thermally enhanced machining of hard-to-machine materials – A review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2010, vol. 50, iss. 8, pp. 663–680. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijmachtools.2010.04.008. 20. You K., Yan G., Luo X., Gilchrist M.D., Fang F. Advances in laser assisted machining of hard and brittle materials. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2020, vol. 58, pp. 677–692. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.08.034. 21. Skeeba V., Pushnin V., Erohin I., Kornev D. Integration of production steps on a single equipment. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2015, vol. 30, iss. 12. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2014.973595 22. Borisov M.A., Lobanov D.V., Yanyushkin A.S. Gibridnaya tekhnologiya elektrokhimicheskoi obrabotki slozhnoprofil’nykh izdelii [Hybrid technology of electrochemical processing of complex profiles]. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2019, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 25–34. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2019-21.1-25-34. 23. Hügel H., Wiedmaier M., Rudlaff T. Laser processing integrated into machine tools – design, applications, economy. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 1995, vol. 27, iss. 12, pp. 1149–1164. DOI: 10.1007/BF00326472. 24. Madhavulu G., Ahmed B. Hot Machining Process for improved metal removal rates in turning operations. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1994, vol. 44, pp. 199–206. DOI: 10.1016/0924-0136(94)90432-4. 25. Wu C., Zhang T., Guo W., Meng X., Ding Z., Liang S.Y. Laser-assisted grinding of silicon nitride ceramics: Micro-groove preparation and removal mechanism. Ceramics International, 2022, vol. 48, iss. 21, pp. 32366–32379. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.07.180. 26. Rao T.B. Reliability analysis of the cutting tool in plasma-assisted turning and prediction of machining characteristics. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, vol. 20, pp. 1020–1034. DOI: 10.1080/14484 846.2020.1769458. 27. Olsson M., Akujärvi V., Ståhl J.-E., Bushlya V. Cryogenic and hybrid induction-assisted machining strategies as alternatives for conventional machining of refractory tungsten and niobium. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2021, vol. 97, p. 105520. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105520. 28. Boivie K., Karlsen R., Ystgaard P. The concept of hybrid manufacturing for high performance parts. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 2012, vol. 23, iss. 2, pp. 106–115. 29. Kim S.-G., Lee C.-M., KimD.-H. Plasma-assisted machining characteristics of wire arc additive manufactured stainless steel with different deposition directions. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2021, vol. 15, pp. 3016–3027. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.130. 30. Lee Y.-H., Lee C.-M. A study on optimal machining conditions and energy efficiency in plasma assisted machining of Ti-6Al-4V. Materials, 2019, vol. 12, p. 2590. DOI: 10.3390/ma12162590. 31. Liao Z., Xu D., Luna G.G., Axinte D., Augustinavicius G., Sarasua J.A., Wretland A. Influence of surface integrity induced by multiple machining processes upon the fatigue performance of a nickel based superalloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2021, vol. 298, p. 117313. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117313. 32. Lee C.M., Kim D.H., Baek J.T., Kim E.-J. Laser assisted milling device: A review. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing – Green Technology, 2016, vol. 3, iss. 2, pp. 199–208. DOI: 10.1007/ s40684-016-0027-1.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 3 33. Wiedenmann R., Zaeh M.F. Laser-assisted milling – Process modeling and experimental validation. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2015, vol. 8, pp. 70–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.cirpj.2014.08.003. 34. LÓpezdeLacalleL.N., SánchezJ.A.,LamikizA.,CelayaA. Plasmaassistedmillingofheat-resistant superalloys. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 2004, vol. 126, iss. 2, pp. 274–285. DOI: 10.1115/1.1644548. 35. Baek J.-T., Woo W.-S., Lee C.-M. A study on the machining characteristics of induction and laser-induction assisted machining of AISI 1045 steel and Inconel 718. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2018, vol. 34, pt. A, pp. 513–522. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.06.030. 36. Guerrini G., Lutey A.H.A., Melkote S.N., Fortunato A. High throughput hybrid laser assisted machining of sintered reaction bonded silicon nitride. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, vol. 252, pp. 628–635. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.019. 37. Liu J., Li Y., Chen Y., Zhou Y., Wang S., Yuan Z., Jin Zh., Liu X. A review of low-temperature plasmaassisted machining: from mechanism to application. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, vol. 18, iss. 1, p. 18. DOI: 10.1007/s11465-022-0734-y. 38. Anderson M.C., Shin Y.C. Laser-assisted machining of an austenitic stainless steel: P550. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2006, vol. 220, iss. 12, pp. 2055– 2067. DOI: 10.1243/09544054JEM562. 39. Widłaszewski J., Nowak M., Nowak Z., Kurp P. Curvature change in laser-assisted bending of Inconel 718. Physical Sciences Forum, 2022, vol. 4. iss. 1, p. 26. DOI: 10.3390/psf2022004026. 40. Sun S., Harris J., Brandt M. Parametric investigation of laser-assisted machining of commercially pure titanium. Advances Engineering Materials, 2008, vol 10, iss. 6, pp. 565–572. DOI: 10.1002/adem.200700349. 41. Mohammadi H., Patten J.A. Laser augmented diamond drilling: a new technique to drill hard and brittle materials. Procedia Manufacturing, 2016, vol. 5, pp. 1337–1347. DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2016.08.104. 42. Venkatesan K. The study on force, surface integrity, tool life and chip on laser assistedmachining of Inconel 718 using Nd:YAG laser source. Journal of Advanced Research, 2017, vol. 8, iss. 4, pp. 407–423. DOI: 10.1016/j. jare.2017.05.004. 43. Bermingham M.J., Kent D., Dargusch M.S. A new understanding of the wear processes during laser assisted milling 17-4 precipitation hardened stainless steel. Wear, 2015, vol. 328–329, pp. 518–530. DOI: 10.1016/j. wear.2015.03.025. 44. Ul Hasan S., Ali S., Jaffery S.H.I., Ud Din E., Mubashir A., Khan M. Study of burr width and height using ANOVA in laser hybrid micro milling of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, vol. 21, pp. 4398–4408. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.051. 45. Ding H., Shen N., Shin Y.C. Thermal and mechanical modeling analysis of laser-assisted micro-milling of difficult-to-machine alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2012, vol. 212, iss. 3, pp. 601–613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.07.016. 46. Gurabvaiah Punugupati, Kishore Kumar Kandi, Bose P.S.C., Rao C.S.P. Laser assisted machining: a state of art review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, vol. 149, p. 012014. DOI: 10.1088/1757899X/149/1/012014. 47. SkeebaV.Yu., IvantsivskyV.V. Gibridnoemetalloobrabatyvayushchee oborudovanie: povyshenie effektivnosti tekhnologicheskogo protsessa obrabotki detalei pri integratsii poverkhnostnoi zakalki i abrazivnogo shlifovaniya [Hybrid metal working equipment: improving the effectiveness of the details processing under the integration of surface quenching and abrasive grinding]. Novosibirsk, NSTU Publ., 2018. 312 p. ISBN 978-5-77823690-5. 48. Lobanov D.V., Arkhipov P.V., Yanyushkin A.S., Skeeba V.Yu. Research of influence electric conditions combined electrodiamond processing by on specific consumption of wheel. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, vol. 142, p. 012081. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/142/1/012081. 49. Salonitis K., Chondros T., Chryssolouris G. Grinding wheel effect in the grind-hardening process // The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2008, vol. 38, iss. 1–2, рр. 48–58. DOI: 10.1007/ s00170-007-1078-9. 50. Ding H.T., Shin Y.C. Laser-assisted machining of hardened steel parts with surface integrity analysis. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2010, vol. 50, iss. 1, pp. 106–114. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijmachtools.2009.09.001. 51. Jeon Y., Lee C.M. Current research trend on laser assisted machining. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 2012, vol. 13, iss. 2, pp. 311–317. DOI: 10.1007/s12541-012-0040-4. 52. Ahn J.W., Woo W.S., Lee C.M. A study on the energy efficiency of specific cutting energy in laser-assisted machining. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, vol. 94, pp. 748–753. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.129.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1