Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. Simulation of the rolling process of a laminated composite AMg3/ D16/AMg3.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Ilinykh A.S., Pikalov A.S., Miloradovich V.K., Galay M.S. Experimental studies of high-speed grinding rails modes.......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. The concept of microsimulation of processes of joining dissimilar materials by plastic deformation......................................................................................................................... 36 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Tratiya D.K., Sheladiya M.V., Acharya G.D., Acharya S.G. Economical crankshaft design through topology analysis for C type gap frame power press SNX-320.......................................................................... 50 Skeeba V.Yu., Vakhrushev N.V., Titova K.A., Chernikov A.D. Rationalization of modes of HFC hardening of working surfaces of a plug in the conditions of hybrid processing................................................................ 63 MATERIAL SCIENCE Ruktuev A.A., Yurgin A.B., Shikalov V.S., Ukhina A.V., Chakin I.K., Domarov E.V., Dovzhenko G.D. Structure and properties of HEA-based coating reinforced with CrB particles.................................................. 87 Maytakov A.L., Grachev A.V., Popov A.M., Li S.R., Vetrova N.T., Plotnikov K.B. Study of energy dissipation and rigidity of welded joints obtained by pressure butt welding................................................... 104 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Analysis of mechanical behavior and free vibration characteristics of treated Saccharum munja fi ber polymer composite...................................................................................................... 117 Pribytkov G.A., Baranovskiy A.V., Korzhova V.V., Firsina I.A., Krivopalov V.P. Synthesis of Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds from elemental powders mixtures.............................................................................. 126 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Free vibration and mechanical behavior of treated woven jute polymer composite............................................................................................................................................................ 137 EDITORIALMATERIALS 152 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 163 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Analysis of mechanical behavior and free vibration characteristics of treated Saccharum munja fiber polymer composite Savendra Singh a, *, Chetan Hirwani b Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 800005, India a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5151-0284, savendrasingh123@gmail.com, b https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-4575, hirwani.ck22@gmail.com Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 3 pp. 117–125 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-117-125 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 24 May 2023 Revised: 06 June 2023 Accepted: 13 June 2023 Available online: 15 September 2023 Keywords: Saccharum munja Compression moulding machine Natural frequency Damping Tensile test ANOVA Acknowledgements Authors are very thankful to Rajkiya Engineering College, Azamgarh for providing laboratory for research work. ABSTRACT Introduction. With increasing environmental concern nowadays, researchers are studying new alternating materials that can meet the society needs and are extracted from renewable and biodegradable resources. The various natural fibers have been investigated by researchers to replace synthetic ones. The purpose of the work. In present study, treated saccharum munja fibers considered as reinforcement material in Particulate (PC), Short and Random (SRC) and in Unidirectional (UDC) form along with AW106 Resin and HV953. The paper assesses the mechanical properties of Munya fibers (Saccharum munja). Initial six natural frequencies along with corresponding damping factors are measured to analyze the possibility of using a composite material. Research methods. A compression molding machine was used to form laminated composite materials. Surface treatment of fibers removes the dust, lignin and hemicellulose, which improves mechanical and free vibration properties. Results and Discussion. Tensile and flexural test shows the highest value of strength 170 MPa and 143 MPa in case of UDC composite, and the lowest in the case of PC. Addition of munja fiber to epoxy matrix enhances the fiber matrix adhesion bonding. The PC composite shows better value of damping than SRC and UDC composite. The highest natural frequency 43, 233, 298, 849, 918 and 1,440 Hz obtained in case of UDC irrespective of all modes. The results of the free vibration analysis show that Saccharum Munja fiber composite may be used as structural material. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the experimental results output in case of tensile and flexural teste are significant. For citation: Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Analysis of mechanical behavior and free vibration characteristics of treated Saccharum munja fiber polymer composite. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 117–125. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-117-125. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Singh Savendra Pratap, Assistant professor Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna, 800005, Patna, Bihar, India Tel.: +91-9455446960, e-mail: savendrasingh123@gmail.com Introduction In recent years, natural fiber has become a viable alternative material. Natural fibers are useful materials and are able to replace the synthetic ones [1]. Recent studies show that natural fibers can replace even glass fiber [2]. Due to natural fibers modern materials are created that can replace existing synthetic fibers. Because of the intensifying energy crisis and increased environmental awareness, much attention is paid to natural fibers and various composites based on it [3]. Saccharum munja grass fiber extraction and use in composite materials [4]. Many studies have been carried out on polymer composite materials based on natural fibers due to its good mechanical properties. In the last 20 years, there has been a great interest in the use of agricultural products that are cellulosic and lignocellulosic for the use of composite applications, particularly for matrix reinforcement [5]. Unlike synthetic fibers such as Kevlar, nylon, polyester, rayon,
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 glass and carbon, natural fibers have many advantages. It can be stated that chemical composition and cell structure of natural fibers are quite complicated [6]. In addition to the advantages of using environmentally friendly materials, there are certain difficulties, such as relatively poor “matrix-fiber” interfacial adhesion when reinforcing and increased moisture absorption. Potential resource materials for various technical applications, including electrical, automotive, the packaging sector, and domestic use, include sisal, abaca, pineapple, agave, and banana fiber [7]. Polymer composites reinforced with synthetic fibers have excellent mechanical properties and lightweight construction [8]. The distribution of the fibers and the mechanical properties of the composite materials have been improved by treating the fibers with clay with an inorganic additive, although an additional mineral additive is probably needed in this area [9]. The automotive industry has recently become interested in natural fiber-based composite materials for a number of reasons, including improved vehicle fuel efficiency, and increased public concern over ecological sustainability. Natural fiber-reinforced composites are being used more and more in the construction and transportation sectors. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how it behaves in a fire [10]. Addition of rice bran into polylactic acid matrix (PLA) improves the mechanical properties and natural frequencies of rice bran PLA composite that can be used in 3D-printing [11]. The addition of short alpha fibers in epoxy makes composite more deformable and flexible due to lower stiffness values and high strain [12]. Based on the results of the analysis of free vibrations of the bamboo fiber composite, it is recommended for use in the transport and construction industries [13]. The surface treatment of natural fiber improves its mechanical and free vibration properties [14–17]. The free vibration values of flex fiber composite are dependent upon fiber direction and thickness [18]. The natural frequency of aloe vera fiber composite is affected by fiber stacking sequence, composite thickness and end conditions [19]. The natural frequency of composite beam increases with an increase in composite thickness regardless of boundary conditions. It also improves the modal damping of composite material [20, 21]. From the above literature, it can be concluded that the greatest amount of work has been done by researchers on the study of the mechanical properties of natural fibers composite materials; however, less attention has been paid to works related to the characteristics of free vibrations. In this paper, the mechanical properties of a polymer composite material based on Saccharum munja fibers were investigated along with its free vibration characteristics. Based on resonance peek in frequency response, the initial six-mode natural frequency with corresponding damping factors was obtained using an experimental setup. ANOVA analysis was performed to check the level of significance of the tensile and flexural tests. Research Methods Particulate (PC), short and random (SRC) and unidirectional (UDC) treated Saccharum munja fibers are considered as the reinforcing component of the composite material, while AW106 resin and an appropriate amount of HV953 hardener supplied by Prakash (Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India) were used as matrix material. Saccharum Munya fibers were extracted from a dry plant obtained near the banks of the Gagara River (Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India). Munya fibers were washed with 1 M NaOH solution for 30 minutes and then washed again in distilled water for 1 hour to remove traces of NaOH. Next, the washed fibers were dried in a hot cloth at 120 °C for 30 minutes. Washed again in distilled water and dried further in a hot cloth to remove any remaining NaOH and water content on the fiber surface. Compositions with different volumetric ratios used in this study are presented in Table 1. A compression molding machine (fig. 1) was used to form laminated composite materials (CM) with a size of 30×30×3 cm. First, a known amount of resin and hardener was poured into the mold cavity and waited for 90 minutes for solidification to begin. Then a mixture of resin and fiber was poured and again waited for 90 minutes. The mixture was compressed at a pressure of 120 bar and held at 800 °C for 48 hours. The processes of fabrication of Munja fiber composite laminates are presented in fig. 2. The fabricated laminates were cut in different shapes and sizes in accordance with ASTM standards for further analysis. ASTM D638 was used for tensile testing of rectangular fiber-polymer composite specimens with a gauge length of 57 mm. The test was carried out on a digital universal testing machine (UTM) manufactured by
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Aimil private limited (Bangaluru, India) with position accuracy 0.001 mm and speed accuracy 0.005 %. The test specimen was first clamped between the UTM clamps and then subjected to an increasing load at a tensile rate of 3 mm per minute until the specimen was broken. Five different specimens were cut from five different layered CMs and used for tensile tests to ensure test reproducibility and take into account average values. The flexural test was performed on the same digital universal testing machine (UTM) on specimens with tufted Munya fibers in accordance with ASTM D790 specifications. For each combination, five specimens, 150×15×3.5 mm, were considered and average results were taken to ensure test reproducibility, with the flexural test speed matching that of the tensile test. The characteristics of free vibrations are analyzed using the experimental setup shown in fig. 3a and 3b, respectively, to estimate the initial six natural frequencies and the corresponding damping factor using the frequency response and using the fitting circle method, respectively. Based on mass and stiffness matrix resonance response, the six visible resonance peek are considered in this study. The major aim of conducting free vibration test is to see the application of this composite as structural material or as damping material. The test specimen was in the form of a Ta b l e 1 Composite composition (by Volume) Specimen No. Material Used Nomenclature Specification Volume Ratio 1 Neat Resin, dm3 NR AW106 1 2 Hardener, dm3 HV953 1 3 Particulate Munja, % PC - 20 4 Unidirectional Munja, % UDC - 20 5 Short & Random Munja, % SRC - 20 Fig. 1. Compression moulding machine Fig. 2. Fabrication process
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Fig. 3. Vibration testing: a – block daigram of free vibration; b – free vibration testing a b cantilever beam with dimensions of 160×10×3.5 mm. The corresponding damping factors were calculated using the fixed circle method, and the equation used to calculate the damping factors is shown below. 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 . 2 tan tan 2 2 ω ω ζ = α α ω ω +ω Results and Discussion Tensile Test The results of the tensile test of the dumbbell-shaped specimens (fig. 4) indicate that the mechanical properties of the layered CM increase when fibers are added to the matrix. The ultimate strength of NR is 62 MPa, and when 20 % of Munya PC fibers are added to the resin, the ultimate strength increases to 85 MPa. The addition of 20 % SRC fiber to the epoxy resin increases the ultimate strength to 123 MPa. The addition of 20 % UDC fiber to the epoxy resin also increases the tensile strength to 170 MPa. The highest ultimate strength of UDC composites is 170 MPa, which is 28 % more than the ultimate strength of SRC composites, 50 % more than the strength of PC composites, and 63 % more than the strength of NR. The addition of Munya fiber to the polymer matrix increases the permanent deformation of the composite polymer based on the Munya fiber. The ultimate strength of 85 MPa was in the case of PC, which is 28 % greater than the ultimate strength of NR.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Flexural Test A specimen of the Munja fiber polymer composite was subjected to a flexural test using a digital universal testing machine (UTM). The test results are shown in fig. 5. It was found that the highest flexural strength is characteristic of the UDC composite and was 143 MPa when 20 % UDC fiber was added to the epoxy resin; the lowest flexural strength was recorded for NR and amounted to 65 MPa; and the flexural strength of two specimens of SRC composite and PC composite was 113 MPa and 102 MPa using 20 % SRC and PC fibers, respectively. The flexural strength of UDC is 21 % greater than the flexural strength of SRC and 28 % greater than the flexural strength of PC, and ~54 % greater than the flexural strength of NR. Fig. 4. Tensile behavior of Saccharum Munja fiber polymer composite Fig. 5. Flexural behavior of Saccharum Munja fiber polymer composite
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Ta b l e 2 Free vibration behavior (also known as Dynamic Behavior Analysis) of Saccharum Munja fiber polymer composite Composite Natural Frequency and damping factor of Saccharum Munja fiber Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6 NR 19 0.160 95 0.074 125 0.059 353 0.033 380 0.029 506 0.022 PC 32 0.072 172 0.045 213 0.050 611 0.021 677 0.023 1,052 0.017 SRC 39 0.065 187 0.039 233 0.030 689 0.020 741 0.018 1,124 0.015 UDC 43 0.051 233 0.031 298 0.021 849 0.016 918 0.015 1,440 0.012 Ta b l e 3 ANONA analysis of Saccharum munja fiber polymer composite Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Tensile Test Between Groups 15,610.95 4 5,203.65 2,973.514 0.0000 3.238872 Within Groups 28 16 1.75 Flexural Test Between Groups 15,610.95 4 5,203.65 2,973.514 0.0000 3.238872 Within Groups 28 16 1.75 Free Vibration Test The results of tests for free vibrations, carried out on an experimental setup, are presented in table 2. In this experiment, six natural frequencies were obtained, and damping factors was obtained with the help of fit circle. The first mode of the six frequencies for NR, PC, SRC, and UDC is 19; 32; 39; 43 and damping factors are of 0.160; 0.074; 0.065; 0.051 respectively and the last mode (with damping factors) are 506 Hz (0.022); 1052 Hz (0.017); 1124 Hz (0.015); 1440 Hz (0.012). The damping factor values obtained indicate the practical utilization of Munja fiber polymer composite in various fields such as automobile, safety products, production house, etc. ANOVAAnalysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the significance of the obtained results for tension and flexing with a 5 % alpha level. The probability value in both cases is less than 0.05, which confirms the significance of the obtained experimental results in tensile and flexural tests (Table 3). Conclusions From the above study, it can be seen that the addition of Saccharum munja fiber to the epoxy matrix improves its mechanical properties as well as free vibration characteristics. The highest tensile and flexural strength values are observed for the UDC composite, followed by the SRC composite; and the lowest value was obtained in the case of the PC composite. Keeping the natural fiber in the core of the composite promotes better load transfer resulting in higher properties. Due to the highest adhesion of the fiber to the matrix, in the case of the UDC composite, the best mechanical and free vibration behavior is provided. The natural frequencies corresponding to all mode shapes are better detected in the case of a UDC composite. The PC composite shows the best damping factor values. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that all tensile and bending results are significant.
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OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 20. Singh S.P., Dutt A., Hirwani C.K. Experimental and numerical analysis of different natural fiber polymer composite. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022, vol. 38, iss. 3, pp. 322-332. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.20 22.2136379. 21. Kuppuraj A., Angamuthu M. Investigation of mechanical properties and free vibration behavior of graphene/basalt nano filler banana/sisal hybrid composite. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 2022, vol. 30. DOI: 10.1177/09673911211066719. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2023 The Authors. Published by Novosibirsk State Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).
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