Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. Simulation of the rolling process of a laminated composite AMg3/ D16/AMg3.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Ilinykh A.S., Pikalov A.S., Miloradovich V.K., Galay M.S. Experimental studies of high-speed grinding rails modes.......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. The concept of microsimulation of processes of joining dissimilar materials by plastic deformation......................................................................................................................... 36 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Tratiya D.K., Sheladiya M.V., Acharya G.D., Acharya S.G. Economical crankshaft design through topology analysis for C type gap frame power press SNX-320.......................................................................... 50 Skeeba V.Yu., Vakhrushev N.V., Titova K.A., Chernikov A.D. Rationalization of modes of HFC hardening of working surfaces of a plug in the conditions of hybrid processing................................................................ 63 MATERIAL SCIENCE Ruktuev A.A., Yurgin A.B., Shikalov V.S., Ukhina A.V., Chakin I.K., Domarov E.V., Dovzhenko G.D. Structure and properties of HEA-based coating reinforced with CrB particles.................................................. 87 Maytakov A.L., Grachev A.V., Popov A.M., Li S.R., Vetrova N.T., Plotnikov K.B. Study of energy dissipation and rigidity of welded joints obtained by pressure butt welding................................................... 104 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Analysis of mechanical behavior and free vibration characteristics of treated Saccharum munja fi ber polymer composite...................................................................................................... 117 Pribytkov G.A., Baranovskiy A.V., Korzhova V.V., Firsina I.A., Krivopalov V.P. Synthesis of Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds from elemental powders mixtures.............................................................................. 126 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Free vibration and mechanical behavior of treated woven jute polymer composite............................................................................................................................................................ 137 EDITORIALMATERIALS 152 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 163 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Synthesis of Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds from elemental powders mixtures Gennady Pribytkov a, *, Anton Baranovskiy b, Victoria Korzhova c, Irina Firsina d, Vladimir Krivopalov e Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/4 pr. Akademicheskii, Tomsk, 634055, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-971X, gapribyt@mail.ru, b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8800-4716, nigalisha@gmail.com, c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0835-9264, vicvic5@mail.ru, d https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-0582, iris1983@yandex.ru, e https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3224-1749, krivopalov@ispms.tsc.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 3 pp. 126–136 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-126-136 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 10 May 2023 Revised: 23 May 2023 Accepted: 21 June 2023 Available online: 15 September 2023 Keywords: Powder mixture Mechanical activation of synthesis Thermal explosion Titanium-Iron intermetallic compounds Phase composition Enthalpy of compounds formation Funding The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 23-29-00106): “In situ synthesis of metal matrix composites with submicron carbide strengthening phase”. Acknowledgements Research was partially conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”. ABSTRACT Introduction. Intermetallic compounds Fe2Ti and FeTi are of practical application as hydrogen accumulators (FeTi) or as magnetic materials (Fe2Ti). Due to the peculiarities of the double equilibrium diagram, the production of these intermetallic compounds by casting is difficult. Therefore, powder metallurgy methods are widely used combined with preliminary mechanical activation of the powder mixtures. The aim of the work is to investigate the possibility of obtaining single-phase compounds from powder mixtures of titanium and iron of target compositions. Research methods. Mechanically activated powder mixtures, products of combustion and subsequent annealing were studied by X-ray phase analysis, optical metallography, and scanning electron microscopy using elemental composition determination by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Research methodology. Powder mixtures were mechanically activated for 20 minutes in an Activator 2S planetary ball mill with an intensity of 40 g and a ball/mixture ratio of 20. The mechanically activated mixtures were heated in a sealed reactor in argon media at an average rate of 85 C°/min. Results and discussion. At a temperature of about 500 °C, thermographs of thermocouples placed in a mechanically activated mixture showed a sharp rise (thermal explosion), indicating an exothermic reaction in the mixture. The rise for the 2Fe + Ti composition turned out to be more pronounced than that for the Fe + Ti composition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the main reaction product is the Fe2Ti compound for both mixtures. The predominant formation of Fe2Ti is explained by the greater negative enthalpy of Fe2Ti formation of compared to FeTi (−87.45 and −40.58 kcal/mol, respectively). Conclusion. High-temperature annealing of thermal explosion products did not make it possible to obtain single-phase target products. The content of secondary phases and unreacted reagents changed little after annealing. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the thermodynamic factor (the enthalpy of formation of the intermetallic compound) is the main one that determines the phase composition of the synthesis products in powder mixtures of titanium and iron. For citation: Pribytkov G.A., Baranovskiy A.V., Korzhova V.V., Firsina I.A., Krivopalov V.P. Synthesis of Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds from elemental powders mixtures. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 126–136. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-126-136. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Pribytkov Gennady A., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, General Researcher Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 2/4 pr. Akademicheskii, 634055, Tomsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 (913) 860-04-49, e-mail: gapribyt@mail.ru
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Introduction There are two intermetallic compounds on the iron-titanium equilibrium diagram: Fe2Ti and FeTi (fig. 1). Iron monotitanide FeTi is the most studied among the intermetallic compounds of the iron-titanium system. This compound is known as a perspective hydrogen storage material. FeTi is inferior to the most promising magnesium alloys and alloys of rare-earth metals in terms of hydrogen capacity, ability to pass into an active state with respect to hydrogen sorption, kinetic characteristics of sorption-desorption and cyclic stability [1]. However, due to the low cost of raw materials, attempts continue to obtain a material with improved sorption characteristics. In this case, iron and titanium powders are used as raw materials, and mechanical activation (MA) of synthesis is used as a method for obtaining the material during longterm processing of the powder mixture in planetary mills. Intensive studies of the behavior of iron-titanium powder mixtures during mechanical activation began in the early 2000s. It was found out in [2] that during long-term (up to 92 hours) processing of mixtures in a SpexMixer/MillModel 8000 magnetic vibratory mill, full amorphization of titanium and iron is completed. The formation of intermetallic compounds was not observed in this case. Extensive studies of the sorption properties of materials obtained by mechanical activation of iron and titanium powder mixtures were studied by A.V. Zadorozhny and colleagues [3–8]. For mechanical activation, an AGO-2S planetary mill was used. The processing was carried out in an argon media at a rotation speed of 840 rpm. The phase composition of the mechanical synthesis’ products depended on the dispersity of titanium and iron powders. The formation of intermetallic compounds was not observed when using coarse powders, i.e. 280 and 450 µm, and processing time of 120 minutes [3]. When 5–10 µm fine titanium powder was used, the product obtained by processing of an equiatomic mixture for 30 minutes at the same intensity, i.e. 840 rpm, consisted of singlephase FeTi [8]. This result is in conflict with the results of [2], in which no intermetallic compound was formed even after 92 hours of processing in a SpexMixer/MillModel 8000 mill. The authors of [8] explain the reason for this mismatch by the low intensity of MA in the mill used in [2]. Pressed FeTi single-phase powder samples with a nanocrystalline structure during thermal cycling in a hydrogen medium retained its shape without cracking due to the formation of bridges that hold adjacent particles together [4, 7]. In order to improve the sorption properties of FeTi obtained by intensive MA, various powder additives were added into the mixture of titanium and iron: 20 at. % Al or 6 at. % Cr [6], 1 at. % S or 2 at. % Mg [5]. It was shown, that these additives improve the sorption characteristics – simplification of the procedure for activating hydrogen uptake and a decrease in the pressure of the plateau area. In a the brief follow-up review [9], hydrogen storage alloys based on magnesium and rare earth metals such as FeTi have improved sorption characteristics in the nanocrystalline state. Along with mechanical activation, to obtain nanocrystalline intermetallic compounds of the iron-titanium system, attempts are made to use other methods, in particular, severe plastic deformation of powder mixtures in a Bridgman anvil [10]. To create a nanocrystalline structure, it looks perspective to intensively grind FeTi powder, previously obtained by casting or using powder technologies. The most technologically simple way to obtain intermetallic compounds is the synthesis in iron-titanium powder mixtures of binary intermetallic compounds [11, 12]. This synthesis can be realized either directly in the process of mechanical activation [12] or during the subsequent initiation of the reaction in mechanically activated mixtures [13, 14]. In [15], FeTi and Fe2Ti compounds were obtained from powder mixtures of the respective compositions. Since the mixtures were not subjected to preliminary mechanical activation, it becomes possible to initiate Fig. 1. Phase diagram of the Fe-Ti system
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 synthesis in the wave mode only with preliminary heating of the compacts to temperatures over 700 °C. In [16], mixtures corresponding to the compositions of binary intermetallic compounds were subjected to short-term, i.e. up to 10 minute duration, intense MA at subsequent rapid heating, i.e. about 300 K/min. The synthesis reaction in the thermal explosion mode was initiated in the 450–500 °C range depending on MA time and the mixture composition. In [17], the Fe-20 % Ti mixture was processed for 4 and 20 minutes in a planetary mill at intensity close to that used in [16]. The formation of the intermetallic compounds was not detected even when the MA mixture was annealed at 500 °C. A possible reason for the mismatch in the results of [16] and [17] is the different heating rates of the MA mixtures. With rapid heating, the reaction surface is not contaminated by reaction diffusion products at the stage of slow heating to the annealing temperature, and the synthesis reaction occurs in the thermal explosion mode. Thus, the problem of developing technological modes of mechanical activation of powder mixtures and the subsequent synthesis of single-phase intermetallic compounds of the titanium-iron system remains unresolved. The tasks of this study are to investigate the phase composition of the synthesis’ products in mechanically activated powder mixtures of titanium and iron, and to investigate the possibility of obtaining single-phase binary intermetallic compounds. Two compositions were used, corresponding to FeTi and Fe2Ti compounds. The Fe2Ti intermetallic is also of practical interest as a magnetic material [18]. Research methodology The reaction mixtures were prepared from titanium powder with a dispersity of less than 160 μm and iron powder with a dispersity of less than 5 μm. The morphology of the powders is shown in fig. 2. The powders’ weighted portions of 15 grams were mixed for 4 hours in a mixing tank and placed in the jars of an Activator-2S planetary ball mill. To prevent sticking of the powders to the balls and walls, 0.5 cm3 of alcohol was injected into each jar. Mechanical activation was carried out at a jar rotation speed of 755 rpm (centrifugal acceleration 40 g). Aweight ratio of steel grinding balls with a diameter of 6 mm to the reaction mixture was equal to 20. In total, every mixture was mechanically activated for 20 minutes. To prevent the Activator overheating, the jars’ rotation was stopped every 10 minutes, for 10 minutes to cool the jars with water flow. The mechanically activated mixtures were poured into cylindrical titanium containers and slightly compacted. The containers were placed into a sealed reactor. A design of the reactor is presented in [19]. The reactor was lowered in the furnace preheated up to 800 °C. The reactor was continuously purged with argon at a flow rate of 4 L/min. The temperature was registered automatically by two thermocouples. The junction of the first thermocouple, thermally insulated from the furnace radiation with a layer of asbestos, was located on the outer wall of the reactor. The junction of the second thermocouple was located in the a b Fig. 2. SEM images of the initial powders morphology: a – VM iron* (left side of the photo – back scattered electron image (BSE), right one – secondary electron image (SE)); b – TPP-8 titanium** * ТC 6-09-2227-81 «Reduced metallic iron»; ** ТC 1791-449-05785388-99 «Titanium sponge powder»
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 container with the reaction mixture. The ignition temperature Tign and the maximum combustion temperature Tmax were processed from the recorded reaction mixture temperature curve. The reactor was removed from the furnace after equalization of temperatures of the outer reactor surface and the powders mixture. Equalization happened in about 2–4 minutes after the temperature peak appearance. Then the reactor was cooled in air. Part of the reacted powder mixtures were annealed in vacuum of 0.01 Pa with variation of the temperature and annealing duration. Mechanically activated powder mixtures, products of combustion and subsequent annealing were studied using the equipment of the Shared Use Center “Nanotech” of the ISPMS SB RAS by X-ray phase analysis (DRON-7 diffractometer, Burevestnik, Russia). The phases were identified based on the results of X-ray diffraction analysis using the ASTM X-ray database, and the primary results were processed using the RENEX and PDWIN software programs. Results and discussion Fig. 3 shows thermographs of MA reaction mixtures of two compositions at an average rate of 85 ± 5 deg/min and the time derivatives of temperature (the rate of increase in mixture temperature). There is an abrupt increase in temperature at 500–530 °C as a result of self-ignition, that is, the reaction occurs in the thermal explosion (TE) mode (fig. 3a, b). The duration of heating to self-ignition was 6–7 minutes. The rate of temperature elevation after ignition and the peak value for the 2Fe + Ti mixture turned out to be much higher (fig. 3a, c) than for the equiatomic mixture (fig. 3b, d). The reason is twice the negative value of the enthalpy of formation of the Fe2Ti compound compared to that for FeTi: -87.45 and -40.58 kcal/mol, respectively [20]. а b c d Fig. 3. Heating thermographs (a, b) and rate of temperature change (c, d) of mechanically activated powder mixtures: 2Fe + Ti (a, c) and Fe + Ti (b, d): 1 – the sample temperature; 2 – temperature of the outer surface of the reactor
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 According to the results of X-ray phase analysis (fig. 4, Table 1), after 20 minutes of mixtures processing at the selected intensity, the phase composition of the mixtures remains indentical. That means mechanical synthesis of intermetallic compounds does not take place. In the products of a thermal explosion, a small content of intermetallic compounds is determined (at the sensitivity level of the method). In this case, the Fe2Ti compound is also present in the combustion products of the Fe + Ti composition in an amount approximately equal to the content of the target FeTi compound. The result correletes with the thermal explosion thermographs (fig. 3). Apparently, the formation of Fe2Ti, which has a large negative enthalpy, is the reason for the low observable thermal explosion in a Fe + Ti mixture. a b Fig. 4. X-ray patterns of mechanically activated mixtures (1) and thermal explosion products (2) in Fe + Ti (a) and 2Fe + Ti (b) mixtures Ta b l e 1 Phase composition of the mechanically activated (MA) mixtures and the thermal explosion (TE) products Mixture composition Mixture processing Phase volume content, % Fe (6-696) Ti (5-682) FeTi (19-636) Fe2Ti (15-336) Fe + Ti MA 70.7 29.3 – – Fe + Ti MA + TE 71.4 12.9 6.6 9.1 2Fe + Ti MA 75.1 18.7 – 6.2 2Fe + Ti MA + TE 72.0 23.1 – 4.9 Since synthesis under thermal explosion conditions in MA mixtures gives an insignificant volume of target products, powder mixtures of both compositions (including those without preliminary MA), as well as thermal explosion products, were annealed in vacuum in order to establish technological conditions (temperature and time), providing the maximum yeild of target products. The results of detected phase composition after annealing are shown in Table 2. Due to the superposition of lines of different phases, the quantitative detection of the phase content is complicated. Therefore, the table contains tne approximate indications which obviously show that the Fe2Ti intermetallic compound is the main phase in all cases, regardless of the mixtures composition the and the heat treatment mode. However, we failed to achieve a single-phase state of Fe2Ti in annealed mechanically activated 2Fe + Ti mixtures. After annealing, a
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Ta b l e 2 Phase composition of mechanically activated mixtures after additional annealing in vacuum depending on the degree of compaction Mixture composition Modes of compaction and heat treatment of MA mixture Volume content of phases, % Compaction Heat treatment Fe2Ti (15-336) FeTi (19-636) Fe (6-696) Ti (5-682) TiN0.9 (31-1403) ? 2Fe + Ti Loose mixture 1,000 °С, 1 hour 73.3 2.2 24.5 – – – 1,150 °С, 2 hours 74.5 4.8 20.7 – – – 1,250 °С, 2 hours 73.2 3.1 23.7 – – – Compacted sample 1,250 °С, 2 hours 84 – 16 – – Fe + Ti Loose mixture 1,000 °С, 1 hours 89.5 7.9 – 0.7 – 1.9 1,150 °С, 2 hours 83.4 4.5 – – 7.4 4.7 1,250 °С, 2 hours 84.0 1.1 – 6.8 4.5 1.6 Compacted sample 1,250 °С, 2 hours 85 15 – – – – significant amount of unreacted iron remains. It can be explained by a sufficientlywide region of homogeneity of the Fe2Ti compound (fig. 1). In annealed Fe + Ti mixtures, the Fe2Ti phase is also the main phase, while the content of the target FeTi phase does not exceed 7.9 vol. %. Perhaps, one of the reasons for the multiphase nature of the annealing products is the mechanically activated mixtures were annealed in a loose mixture. In order to increase the specific reactive surface area, the mechanically activated mixtures were pressed, and the compacts were subjected to high-temperature diffusion annealing under the same conditions as the mixtures in loose mixture. The phase composition of the annealed compacts (Table 2) differs from the phase composition of the mixtures in loose mixture by the absence of undetermined phases, unreacted titanium and titanium nitride, the small content of which is determined in the annealed mixtures. However, there were no qualitative changes in the phase composition. The Fe2Ti intermetallic compound remained the main phase in the compacts of both compositions. At the same time, the content of the target phases increased due to a decrease in the content of unreacted iron (for the 2Fe + Ti composition) and secondary-side phases (for the Fe + Ti composition). Conclusions 1. In mechanically activated powder mixtures of compositions corresponding to Fe2Ti and FeTi binary intermetallic compounds, exothermic reactions occur under heating, causing temperature elevation and the formation of a small amount of intermetallic compounds. 2. Under the modes of mechanical activation of mixtures used in the study it is impossible to synthesize single-phase intermetallic compounds in thermal explosion reaction. 3. The predominant formation of the Fe2Ti compound is explained by a thermodynamic stimulus: the negative enthalpy of Fe2Ti formation is twice that of the FeTi compound. References 1. Sandrock G. A panoramic overview of hydrogen storage alloys from a gas reaction point of view. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1999, vol. 293–295, pp. 877–888. DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00384-9. 2. Delogu F., Cocco G. Сompositional effects on the mechanochemical synthesis of Fe–Ti and Cu–Ti amorphous alloys by mechanical alloying. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2003, vol. 352, iss. 1, pp. 92–98. DOI: 10.1016/ S0925-8388(02)01109-X.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 3. Zadorozhnyi V.Yu., Skakov Yu.A., Milovzorov G.S. Appearance of metastable states in Fe–Ti and Ni–Ti systems in the process of mechanochemical synthesis. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2008, vol. 50, iss. 7, pp. 404–410. DOI: 10.1007/s11041-008-9078-4. 4. Zadorozhnyy V., Klyamkin S., Zadorozhnyy M., Bermesheva O., Kaloshkin S. Hydrogen storage nanocrystalline TiFe intermetallic compound: synthesis by mechanical alloying and compacting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, vol. 37, iss. 22, pp. 17131–17136. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.08.078. 5. Zadorozhnyy V.Yu., Klyamkin S.N., Zadorozhnyy M.Yu., Gorshenkov M.V., Kaloshkin S.D. Mechanical alloying of nanocrystalline intermetallic compound TiFe doped with sulfur and magnesium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, vol. 615, pp. S569–S572. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.12.144. 6. Zadorozhnyy V.Yu., Klyamkin S.N., Zadorozhnyy M.Yu., Bermesheva O.V., Kaloshkin S.D. Mechanical alloying of nanocrystalline intermetallic compound TiFe doped by aluminum and chromium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, vol. 586, pp. S56–S60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.01.138. 7. Zadorozhnyy V.Yu., Klyamkin S.N., Zadorozhnyy M.Yu., Strugova D.V., Milovzorov G.S., LouzguineLuzgin D.V., Kaloshkin S.D. Effect of mechanical activation on compactibility of metal hydride materials. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017, vol. 707, pp. 214–219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.11.320. 8. Zadorozhnyy V.Yu., Milovzorov G.S., Klyamkin S.N., Zadorozhnyy M.Yu., Strugova D.V., Gorshenkov M.V., Kaloshkin S.D. Preparation and hydrogen storage properties of nanocrystalline TiFe synthesized by mechanical alloying. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2017, vol. 27, iss. 1, pp. 149–155. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2016.12.008. 9. Zaluski L., Zaluska A., Ström-Olsen J.O. Nanocrystalline metal hydrides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1997, vol. 253–254, pp. 70–79. DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02985-4. 10. Dobromyslova A.V., Taluts N.I. Mechanical alloying of Ti–Fe alloys using severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion. Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2018, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 1127–1132. DOI: 10.1134/ S0031918X18110030. 11. Rogachev A.S., Mukas’yan A.S. Gorenie dlya sinteza materialov: vvedenie v strukturnuyu makrokinetiku [Combustion for the synthesis of materials: an introduction to structural macrokinetics]. Moscow, Fizmatlit Publ., 2013. 399 p. ISBN 978-5-9221-1441-7. 12. Grigorieva T.F., Barinova A.P., Lyakhov N.Z. Mechanochemical synthesis of intermetallic compounds. Russian Chemical Reviews, 2001, vol. 70, iss. 1, pp. 45–63. DOI: 10.1070/RC2001v070n01ABEH000598. Translated from Uspekhi khimii, 2001, vol. 70 (1), pp. 52–71. 13. Avvakumov E.G. Mekhanicheskie metody aktivatsii khimicheskikh protsessov [Mechanical methods of activation of chemical processes]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1986. 303 p. 14. Lyakhov N.Z., Talako T.L., Grigor’eva T.F. Vliyanie mekhanoaktivatsii na protsessy fazo- i strukturoobrazovaniya pri samorasprostranyayushchemsya vysokotemperaturnom sinteze [Influence of mechanical activation on the processes of phase and structure formation during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis]. Novosibirsk, Parallel’ Publ., 2008. 168 p. 15. Pribytkov G.A., Semenova A.A., Itin V.I. Sintez v rezhime goreniya intermetallidov sistemy zhelezo – titan [Synthesis of intermetallic compounds of the iron – titanium system in the combustion mode]. Fizika goreniya i vzryva = Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 1984, no. 5, pp. 21–23. (In Russian). 16. Naiborodenko Ju.S., Kasatskii N.G., Sergeeva E.G., Lepakova O.K. Vliyanie mekhanicheskoi aktivatsii na vysokotemperaturnyi sintez i fazoobrazovanie nizkokaloriinykh intermetallicheskikh soedinenii [Influence of mechanical activation on high-temperature synthesis and phase formation of low-calorieinter metallic compounds]. Khimiya v interesakh ustoichivogo razvitiya = Chemistry for Sustainable Development, 2002, vol. 10 (1–2), pp. 199–204. (In Russian). 17. Grigor’eva T.F., Kovaleva S.A., Kiseleva T.Yu., Vosmerikov S.V., Devyatkina E.T., Pastukhov E.A., Lyakhov N.Z. Morphological characteristics of mechanochemically synthesized Fe/Ti composites. Russian Metallurgy (Metally), 2016, vol. 2016, no. 8, pp. 737–741. DOI: 10.1134/S0036029516080048. 18. Saito T. Magnetic properties of Ti–Fe alloy powders prepared by mechanical grinding. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2004, vol. 364, iss. 1, pp. 113–116. DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00532-2.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 19. Bukrina N.V., Baranovskiy A.V. Synthesis of composites made of powder mixtures (Ti, C, and Al) in controlled heating. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 2019, vol. 60, iss. 4, pp. 732–739. DOI: 10.1134/S0021894419040187. 20. Bartin I., Knacke O., Kubaschevski O. Thermochemical properties of inorganic substances. Supplement. Berlin, Springer‐Verlag, 1977. 861 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-02293-1. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2023 The Authors. Published by Novosibirsk State Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1