Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. Simulation of the rolling process of a laminated composite AMg3/ D16/AMg3.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Ilinykh A.S., Pikalov A.S., Miloradovich V.K., Galay M.S. Experimental studies of high-speed grinding rails modes.......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Salikhyanov D.R., Michurov N.S. The concept of microsimulation of processes of joining dissimilar materials by plastic deformation......................................................................................................................... 36 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Tratiya D.K., Sheladiya M.V., Acharya G.D., Acharya S.G. Economical crankshaft design through topology analysis for C type gap frame power press SNX-320.......................................................................... 50 Skeeba V.Yu., Vakhrushev N.V., Titova K.A., Chernikov A.D. Rationalization of modes of HFC hardening of working surfaces of a plug in the conditions of hybrid processing................................................................ 63 MATERIAL SCIENCE Ruktuev A.A., Yurgin A.B., Shikalov V.S., Ukhina A.V., Chakin I.K., Domarov E.V., Dovzhenko G.D. Structure and properties of HEA-based coating reinforced with CrB particles.................................................. 87 Maytakov A.L., Grachev A.V., Popov A.M., Li S.R., Vetrova N.T., Plotnikov K.B. Study of energy dissipation and rigidity of welded joints obtained by pressure butt welding................................................... 104 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Analysis of mechanical behavior and free vibration characteristics of treated Saccharum munja fi ber polymer composite...................................................................................................... 117 Pribytkov G.A., Baranovskiy A.V., Korzhova V.V., Firsina I.A., Krivopalov V.P. Synthesis of Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds from elemental powders mixtures.............................................................................. 126 Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Free vibration and mechanical behavior of treated woven jute polymer composite............................................................................................................................................................ 137 EDITORIALMATERIALS 152 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 163 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Free vibration and mechanical behavior of treated woven jute polymer composite Savendra Singh a, *, Chetan Hirwani b Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 800005, India a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5151-0284, savendrasingh123@gmail.com, b https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-4575, hirwani.ck22@gmail.com Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 3 pp. 137–151 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.3-137-151 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 20 June 2023 Revised: 30 June 2023 Accepted: 10 July 2023 Available online: 15 September 2023 Keywords: Natural fiber FTIR Surface treatment Natural frequency Damping Free vibration SEM Acknowledgements Authors are very thankful to Rajkiya Engineering College, Azamgarh for providing laboratory for research work. ABSTRACT Introduction: Recently, the use of natural fibers have been increased to replace the use of synthetic fibers to save our environment from waste disposal problems, natural fibers have a lower level of mechanical properties. The purpose of work: This study examines the effect of treating the surface and deeper layers of jute fiber on the mechanical behavior and characteristics of free vibrations of a composite material based on it. The methods of investigation: due to the uniform distribution of stresses in the WARP and WEFT directions, four-layer basket weave jute fibers were used in this study. Result and discussion: the mechanical and free vibration properties of composite materials are significantly improved when NaOH is applied to jute fibers because it eliminates the weak matrix material lignin and makes the fibers stiffer and stronger. However, increasing the percentage of NaOH and soaking time for the fibers in NaOH solution have little effect on these properties. The highest value of tensile strength and tensile modulus are found 50 ± 1.17 MPa and 1.94 ± 0.23 GPa respectively seen in case of basket weave jute fiber composite with 1 hour treatment. Tensile strength and tensile modulus increase about 12 % and 40 % over the stokes value, respectively. Similarly the value of flexural strength and flexural modulus are found 95 ± 1.17 MPa and 3.99 ± 0.23 GPa respectively in case of basket weave jute fiber composite with 1 hour treatment. It also shows the highest value of fundamental frequency 77.837 Hz.The presence of an O-H bond in the composite, as revealed by FTIR study, gives it a hydrophilic character and limits its use in humid environments. The fiber to matrix ratio is shown in SEM images. For citation: Singh S.P., Hirwani C.K. Free vibration and mechanical behavior of treated woven jute polymer composite. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 137–151. DOI: 10.17212/19946309-2023-25.3-137-151. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Singh Savendra Pratap, Assistant professor Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna, 800005, Patna, Bihar, India Tel.: +91-9455446960, e-mail: savendrasingh123@gmail.com Introduction Natural fiber composites are good alternatives to synthetic ones for various low and medium load applications due to its low weight, low cost, high strength to weight ratio, biodegradability, high availability, and other characteristics. This is due to the growing demand for materials with special requirements for properties that do not pollute the environment. Natural fibers exhibit better mechanical and free vibration characteristics in a woven state. Properties improve as the number of layers increases [1, 2]. The dynamic mechanical characteristics of compositematerials increase as a result of reinforcing. The presence of cellulose and hemicellulose in fiber cells improves the woven natural fiber composite’s thermal characteristics [3]. The buckling characteristics of woven natural fiber composite are affected by the type of weave and deteriorate as the number of reinforcing layers increases. Fiberglass reinforcement improves the characteristics of composite materials [4]. The mechanical characteristics of woven natural fiber composites are also affected
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 by the orientation of the fibers [5]. M. Mejri has studied the use of composite materials made from natural fibers in the production of gears [6, 7]. The properties of the composite material improve as the thickness increases, which requires new processing methods [8–10]. Tidarut Jirawattanasomkul and colleagues examined how natural fiber was used in concrete. Natural fibers may be used to absorb sound since it has good acoustics [11]. Nano fillers like carbon nanotubes, nano-SiO2, nano-clay, etc. were added to the composite to improve its qualities without increasing its density [12]. S Sri Karthikeyan and colleagues examined the use of natural fiber composite as a replacement for asbestos fibers, the dust from which is hazard to human health [13]. The ability of natural fibers to absorb water destroys it. Synthetic fibers can be added to natural fiber composites to further improve its qualities [14, 15]. The functional group included in the composition of the composite is revealed using FTIR analysis [16, 17]. Surface morphology research was conducted by Yadvinder Singh et al., who came to the conclusion that alkaline-treated fibers exhibit superior properties over untreated ones. A review of the literature reveals that adding natural fiber to a polymer matrix improves the mechanical characteristics of the composite in both particulate, short and random, long fabric, and woven form, with woven form showing the greatest improvement in attributes [18]. Natural fibers reduce the combustibility of composite materials, and, compared with a polyester matrix, a polylactic acid matrix demonstrates higher mechanical properties when reinforced with banana and sisal fibers [19]. The results of testing composites based on sisal and aloe vera fibers for delamination showed that the composite with sisal fibers delaminates to a lesser extent and the resulting surfaces are characterized by less roughness [20]. In addition to improving the characteristics of composite to a certain extent, the addition of fibers also increases the percentage of voids and water absorption in the composite [21]. The mechanical properties of a natural fiber composite are affected by the type of weaving and the degree of water absorption [22, 23]. Since the addition of nanofillers promotes adhesion between the fiber and the matrix and increases interfacial contact, filling voids in the composite with nanomaterials improves mechanical properties and reduces water absorption [24]. The hybridization improves the characteristics of composite materials, as well as the order of laying and surface treatment [25, 26]. The characteristics of composite material are affected by the number of added layers, as well as the combination effect created between layers by synthetic fibers such as glass [27,28]. Although several researchers have conducted extensive study on various natural fiber composites and hybrid polymer composites, none of these studies have been found to be relevant to treated woven natural fiber composite due to weaving challenges. According to a variety of academic sources, treated natural fibers have better qualities than untreated ones. The objective of present study is to prepare laminates made of woven natural fiber and polymer and examine how surface treatment affects mechanical and free vibration behavior along with the study of the woven polymer composites’ mechanical and free vibration behavior after a period of soaking in a NaOH solution. FTIR spectrum has been extracted to analyze the functional group in woven jute fiber. Investigation technique Material Woven jute fibers were used as a reinforcing material in the study. Jute cloth that was once loose was turned into yarn. There are around 80 to 120 loose filaments in each strand. Then, as seen in fig. 1, these strands were weaved into a design resembling a basket. Weaved mats for this investigation were bought from Kiran Jute Industry in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Epoxy resin with HV953 hardener in a 1:1 ratio is used as the matrix material. The components were purchased from Chennai, India’s Vasavibala Resins Ltd. Fabrication method Composite laminates are made using a compression moulding machine. Then, in a stainless-steel mould with the dimensions 260 × 260 × 4 mm, a sufficient amount of resin was first poured. Then, a basket-weave
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 mat was placed inside the resin, and with the aid of a roller, the resin was distributed over the mat. This process was then repeated for a four-layered mat before the cavity was filled with the calculated amount of resin. A compression moulding machine is then used to compress the mould, curing it for an hour at a temperature of 80 °C and a pressure of 150 kgf/cm2. The obtained composite laminates were sliced to prepare specimens in accordance with ASTM specifications. Fig. 2 and 3 respectively depict the compression moulding machine setup and composite preparation. According to ASTM D-638 standard, a tensile test was performed at a testing speed of 2 mm per minute. The dog bone shaped sample had the following dimensions: length 165 mm, gauge length 57 mm and width 13 mm. Flexural tests using three-point bending were conducted in accordance with ASTM D-790 standards at a testing speed of 1.7 mm per minutewith position accuracy 0.001 mm and speed accuracy 0.005 % uses for testing. Specimen was made with standard dimensions: 127 mm in length, 12.7 mm in width and 4 mm in thickness. The impact test on the 63.7 × 12.7 ×3 mm composite specimen followed the recommendations of ASTM D-256 with an angle accuracy of 0.1°. Fig. 1. Basket weave jute fibers Fig. 2. Composite preparation flow diagram Analysis of free vibrations has allowed researchers to better understand the dynamic behavior of composite materials. Using experimental modal analysis, the natural frequency and associated damping factor of the composite was found. Experimental modal analysis is performed using the impulse hammer test. Fig. 4 shows a diagram of the impulse hammer test. For this analysis, the first three bending modes of the composite made of basket-woven jute fiber have been taken into account. The investigation of free vibrations was done in a free-free environment. A sample with dimensions of 170 × 17 × 3 mm was mounted on a rigid end support such as a cantilever beam and a 4 gram light accelerometer was positioned over the sample to obtain the first three natural frequencies of the woven jute fiber composite. Utilizing a lightweight accelerometer helps to avoid additional impact on the mass of the woven composite. After the impulse, the impact signal is sent to an 8-channel DEWE data acquisition system to use the fast Fourier transformation algorithm (FFT Algorithm) to convert the time domain signal to frequency form. Direct measurements of the relevant damping factor values may be made with the DEWE data gathering system.Depends upon the frequency response resonance peak initially three peaks have been clearly visible and corresponding to
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Fig. 3. Experimental Setup these peeks, the associated natural frequencies have been extracted.The fit circle approach uses the Nyqust plot to calculate the damping factor. The fitting circle method took into account only a few places in the vicinity of the response, so the peak amplitude had little effect on the results.The location of the response peak lies on the arc of a circle when using the fitting circle approach. Fig. 5 illustrates a typical Nyqust plot using the fitting circle approach. The formula for calculating damping factor is shown in Equation 1. 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 2 tan tan 2 2 ω − ω ς = a a ω ω + ω , where ω0 = angular resonance frequency; ω1, ω2 = angular frequencies; a1, a2 = angle between angular frequencies. DEWESoft FFT Analyser Ø 8 Channel Data Acquisition System Impulse Hammer Composite Specimen Fig. 4. Freevibration setup
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Results and discussion In this study, after obtaining a composite material, samples were made from it, the weight and size of which are shown in Table 1 From the foregoing, it can be inferred that that the increase in the weight of the composite material occurs mainly due to the increase in the weight of the resin. Accordingly, in composite studies, the impact of weight is primarily caused by the weight of resin. Jute fibers in a four-layered basket weave were chosen for this study because of its ability to distribute force equally in both the WARP and WEFT directions. As the number of layers in a composite increase, its qualities improve. 0 Re Im ω1 ω0 ω2 At Resonance α1 α2 C Fig. 5. Nyqust plot for fitting circle method Ta b l e 1 Weight and Size of specimen No. Type (Thickness) Weight, gram 1 Single Layer (Approx. 4 mm) 16–18 2 Double Layer (Approx. 4 mm) 18–19 3 Triple Layer (Approx. 4 mm) 21–22 4 Tetra Layer (Approx. 4 mm) 24–25 Test Specimen size 1 Tensile (ASTM D-638) 30 cm × 3 cm 2 Flexural (ASTM D-790) 125 mm × 12.7 mm 3 Impact (ASTM D-256) 63.5 mm × 12.7 mm 4 Free Vibration Test 170 mm × 17 mm
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Ta b l e 2 Tensile test behavior of woven jute composite Number of layers Pattern & time with NaOH Concentration Tensile strength, MPa Tensile modulus, GPa 4 Basket (30 minutes, 1%) 48 ± 0.61 1.90 ± 0.11 Basket (1 hour, 1%) 49 ± 0.60 1.90 ± 0.10 Basket (30 minutes, 4%) 48.8 ± 2.61 1.91 ± 0.18 Basket (1 hour, 4%) 50 ± 1.17 1.94 ± 0.23 Number of layers Pattern & time without NaOH Concentration Tensile strength, MPa Tensile modulus, GPa 4 Basket 43.60±2.3 1.15±0.27 Tensile Test Tensile test has been performed using universal tensile machine for different percentage of NaOH and for different time has been taken for surface treatment. The results are shown in Table 2. As can be seen from the table above, tensile strength and tensile modulus increase about 12 % and 40 % over the stokes value, respectively. It can be concluded that the influence of the soaking time during the treatment of the surface of the fibers with a NaOH solution does not lead to a significant improvement of the tension characteristics of the composite material; the increase in the tensile strength is so minimal that it can be overlooked. Similar results were obtained with an increase in the NaOH strength. It indicates that when NaOH is applied, lignin and hemicellulose are swiftly removed from fibers. It can be clearly seen that – the highest value of tensile strength for basket-weaved CM is 50 ± 1.17 MPa when treated with 4 % alkali solution for 1 hour, and its tensile modulus is 1.94 ± 0.23 GPa; – the second largest value of tensile strength for basket-weaved CM is 49 ± 0.60 MPa with treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 1 hour, and its tensile modulus is 1.90 ± 0.10 GPa; – the lowest value of tensile strength for basket-weaved CM is 48 ± 0.61 upon treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 30 minutes, and its tensile modulus is 1.90 ± 0.11 GPa; – the second and last lowest tensile strength for basket-weaved CM is 48 ± 0.61 MPa when treated with 4 % alkali solution for 30 minutes, and its tensile modulus is 1.91 ± 0.18 GPa. Flexural Test Flexural test has been performed for the study of flexural strength and flexural modulus as shown in Table 3. According to the results of the aforementioned tests, it is clear that surface treatment of composite materials enhances its ability to bend. The greatest value of flexural strength and flexural modulus was Ta b l e 3 Flexural test behavior of woven jute composite Number of layers Pattern & time with NaOH Concentration Flexural strength, MPa Flexural modulus, GPa 4 Basket (30 minutes, 1 %) 70.6 ± 0.20 2.6 ± 0.11 Basket (1 hour, 1 %) 71.7 ± 0.60 3.2 ± 0.10 Basket (30 minutes, 4 %) 70 ± 0.60 2.8 ± 0.18 Basket (1 hour, 4 %) 95 ± 1.17 3.99 ± 0.23 Number of layers Pattern & time with NaOH Concentration Flexural strength, MPa Flexural modulus, GPa 4 Basket 69.44 ± 0.60 2.38 ± 0.11
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 discovered with 4 % NaOH during 1 hour. Compared to other results, the results with an hourly soaking in 4 % alkali are noticeably better. It may be caused by an increase in cellulose content and the maximum possible adhesion between the fiber and matrix. Flexural strength and modulus variation are not very different for the other three situations. The increase in flexural strength and elastic modulus of layered samples without preliminary surface treatment is about 10.40 % and 32.24 %, respectively. Therefore, it may be said that surface treatment greatly enhances flexural qualities. It can be clearly seen that – the highest value of flexural strength for basket-weaved CM is 95 ± 1.17 MPa when treated with 4 % alkali solution for 1 hour, and its flexural modulus is 3.99 ± 0.23 GPa; – the second highest value of flexural strength for basket-weaved CM is 71.7 ± 0.60 MPa with treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 1 hour, and its flexural modulus is 3.2 ± 0.10 GPa; – the lowest value of flexural strength for basket-weaved CM is 70.6 ± 0.20 MPa upon treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 30 minutes, and its flexural modulus is 2.6 ± 0.11 GPa; – the second and last lowest flexural strength for basket-weaved CM is 70 ± 0.60 MPa when treated with 4 % alkali solution for 30 minutes, and its flexural modulus is 2.8 ± 0.18 GPa. Impact Test Impact test was carried out on a woven jute composite to investigate impact energy* and result is shown in Table 4. Ta b l e 4 Impact test of woven jute composite Number of layers Pattern & time with NaOH Concentration Impact energy, J/m 4 Basket (30 minutes, 1 %) 272 ± 23 Basket (1 hour, 1 %) 274 ± 24 Basket (30 minutes, 4 %) 278 ± 25 Basket (1 hour, 4 %) 280 ± 26 Number of layers Pattern & time with NaOH Concentration Impact energy, J/m 4 Basket 250 ± 26 The test results indicate the ability of the material to store energy when loaded. According to Table 4, the impact energy of the composite increased significantly after surface treatment by about 10 %. It is clearly seen that – the highest impact energy for basket-weaved CM is 280 ± 26 J/m when treated with 4 % alkali solution for 1 hour; – the second highest impact energy for basket-weaved CM is 278 ± 25 J/m with treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 1 hour; – the lowest impact energy for basket-weaved CM is 274 ± 24 J/m upon treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 30 minutes; – the second and last lowest impact energy for basket-weaved CM is 272 ± 23 J/m when treated with 4 % alkali solution for 30 minutes. * The ASTM impact energy is measured in J/m or ft-lb/in. Impact strength results from dividing the value for impact energy in (J or ft-lb) by the notch thickness (mm or inches) of the specimen, for an average of 5 test cycles. The ISO method is slightly different, deriving impact strength with units kJ/m2 from the impact energy in J by the area under the notch. This test is performed on 10 specimens and the results are averaged. –––––––––––––
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Ta b l e 5 Free vibration test results No. Number of Layers (Time Duration and % NaOH) Free – Free Condition (Natural Frequency (Hz) and Corresponding Damping Factor) 1 4 (30 minutes, 1 %) 75.493 0.06224 422.72 0.024813 1387.0 0.044182 2 4 (30 minutes, 4 %) 75.81 0.0468 427.06 0.0500 909.0 0.04479 3 4 (1 hour, 1 %) 76.55 0.068 484.78 0.066 1200 0.0706 4 4 (1 hour, 4 %) 77.837 0.055 494.30 0.038071 806 0.0377 No. Number of Layers (Time Duration and % NaOH) Free – Free Condition (Natural Frequency (Hz) and Corresponding Damping Factor) 1 4 68.4 0.0455 410.2 0.0353 1079.1 0.0364 Free Vibration Test The results of tests for free vibrations, carried out on a four-layer jute basket-weaved composite material are presented in Table 5. It is evident from the above study that surface treatment improves the vibrational characteristics of the composite. In addition, it is shown that changes in vibrational characteristics are only 3 %, which is not very significant, regardless of the increase in NaOH strength and the soaking time. The free vibration test has been performed on an experimental setup and are presented in table 5. There are three natural frequencies and associated with damping factor with the help of fitting circle was obtained from this experiment. The first mode of three frequencies for basket-weaved CM after treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 30 min was found as 75.493; 422.72; 1387.0 and is related to the damping factor 0.06224, 0.024813, 0.044182. The second mode of three frequencies for basket-weaved CM after treatment with 4 % alkali solution for 30 min was found as 75.81; 427.06; 909.0 and is related to a damping factor of 0.0468; 0.0500; 0.04479. The third mode of three frequencies for basket-weaved CM after treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 1 hour was found as 76.55; 484.78; 1200 and is associated with a damping factor of 0.068; 0.066; 0.0706. The last mode of three frequencies for basket-weaved CM after treatment with 4 % alkali solution for 1 hour was found as 77.837; 494.30; 806 and is associated with a damping factor of 0.055; 0.038071; 0.0377. FTIR Analysis FTIR was carried out to study the functional group in the composite. For FTIR analysis, a sample in the form of a powder was used, and the obtained data are shown in fig. 6. The existence of a peak in the region of 650–2,000 cm−1 indicates the presence of single and double bonds of carbon with nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen, according to the comparison of the FTIR graph above with the standard graph. Peaks in the 3,000 cm−1 range indicate the existence of the O-H functional group, which gives composites its hydrophilic character. This composite absorbs moisture, which limits its use in situations where people are exposed to water. Surface Morphology SEM images study was conducted to analyze t the interaction of the fibrous matrix with the polymer composite. SEM images of composite material are shown in in fig. 7. The nature of the interaction of the fibers and the matrix of the composite material is shown above. Fig. 7c shows the fracture of the matrix in the direction opposite to the applied force, indicating its fragility.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 Fig. 6. Basket-type composite material after treatment with 1 % alkali solution for 1 hour a b c d Fig. 7. SEM images of composite: а – matrix damage; b – fibre matrix interaction; c – failure of fibres and matrix; d – fibre pulling out
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 3 2023 When jute fibers are used to strengthen the matrix (fig. 7a), fracture occurs at an angle, which indicates an increase in the plasticity of the composite. Fig. 7b, 7d also show that the matrix failed first, and then the fibers, which indicates that the fibers in the composite had to withstand the highest loads. The matrix also served as a binder for the jute fibers. M. Rajesh et al [1, 3, 4, 5] and Savendra Pratap Singh [2] worked on composite materials from woven jute fiber and noted its improved properties. However, they investigated CM based on 1, 2 and 3 layers of woven jute fiber in various combinations. In this research work, the author considered a composite material based on four layers of woven jute fiber. The author performed a preliminary surface treatment of the fibers and revealed its positive effect on the properties, which opens up prospects for further structural use of such a composite material and replacement of CM based on synthetic fibers, which will reduce the level of environmental pollution by synthetic waste. Conclusions According to the study, the natural fiber composite has excellent mechanical and free vibration properties, making it suitable for use in low to medium loading conditions. The mechanical and free vibration characteristics of jute fibers increase significantly after surface treatment with NaOH, but the qualities are not significantly improved by increasing the NaOH strength or soaking time. The hydrophilic character of composite is shown by FTIR analysis, which prevents its use in a humid environment. SEM analysis shows that as the amount of fiber increases, the composite material changes from brittle to ductile. The conclusion of the study of the free vibration and mechanical behaviour of treated woven jute polymer composite would depend on the specific finding and result obtained from the research. however, here are some possible conclusions that could be drawn from such study. Improvement of mechanical properties. treating a woven jute polymer composite can result in improved mechanical properties compared to an untreated one. The treatment process may include methods such as chemical modification, surface treatment or the addition of a reinforcing agent. These processing methods can improve the strength and stiffness of the composite material, as well as the resistance to deformation. Improvement of vibration absorption. Free vibration analysis helps to evaluate the dynamic behavior of materials and structures. Treated woven jute polymer composites can exhibit improved vibration absorption characteristics compared to untreated composites. The treating process can change the interface of the fiber matrix, which will lead to improved energy dissipation during vibrations and an increase in damping capacity. References 1. Rajesh M., Singh S.P., Pitchaimani J. Mechanical behavior of woven natural fiber fabric composites: Effect of weaving architecture, intra-ply hybridization and stacking sequence of fabrics. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2018, vol. 47 (5), pp. 938–959. DOI: 10.1177/1528083716679157. 2. Singh S.P. FTIR spectroscopy & mechanical behaviour study on jute fiber polymer composite. Journal of Advanced Engineering Research, 2019, vol. 6 (1), pp. 34–38. 3. Rajesh M., Jayakrishna K., Sultan M.T.H., Manikandan M., Mugeshkannan V., Shah A.U.M., Safri S.N.A. The hydroscopic effect on dynamic and thermal properties of woven jute, banana, and intra-ply hybrid natural fiber composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, vol. 9 (5), pp. 10305–10315. DOI: 10.1016/j. jmrt.2020.07.033. 4. Rajesh M., Pitchaimani J. Experimental investigation on buckling and free vibration behavior of woven natural fiber fabric composite under axial compression. Composite Structures, 2016, vol. 163, pp. 302–311. DOI: 10.1016/j. compstruct.2016.12.046. 5. Rajesh M., Pitchaimani J. Mechanical properties of natural fiber braided yarn woven composite: comparison with conventional yarn woven composite. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2017, vol. 14, pp. 141–150. DOI: 10.1016/ S1672-6529(16)60385-2. 6. Mejri M., Toubal L., Cuillière J.C., François V. Fatigue life and residual strength of a short- natural-fiberreinforced plastic vs Nylon. Composites. Part B: Engineering, 2017, vol. 110, pp. 429–441. DOI: 10.1016/j. compositesb.2016.11.036.
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