Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Akintseva A.V., Pereverzev P.P. Modeling the interrelation of the cutting force with the cutting depth and the volumes of the metal being removed by single grains in fl at grinding........................................................................................................................................ 6 Sharma S.S., Joshi A., Rajpoot Y.S. A systematic review of processing techniques for cellular metallic foam production................. 22 Karlina Yu.I., Kononenko R.V., Ivantsivsky V.V., Popov M.A., Deryugin F.F., Byankin V.E. Review of modern requirements for welding of pipe high-strength low-alloy steels.......................................................................................................................................... 36 Startsev E.A., Bakhmatov P.V. The infl uence of automatic arc welding modes on the geometric parameters of the seam of butt joints made of low-carbon steel, made using experimental fl ux......................................................................................................................... 61 Martyushev N.V., Kozlov V.N., Qi M., Baginskiy A.G., Han Z., Bovkun A.S. Milling martensitic steel blanks obtained using additive technologies................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 Loginov Yu.N., Zamaraeva Yu.V. Evaluation of the bars’ multichannel angular pressing scheme and its potential application in practice................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Rajpoot Y.S., SharmaA.K., Mishra V.N., Saxena K., Deepak D., Sharma S.S. Eff ect of tool pin profi le on the tensile characteristics of friction stir welded joints of AA8011.................................................................................................................................................... 105 Chinchanikar S., Gadge M.G. Performance modeling and multi-objective optimization during turning AISI 304 stainless steel using coated and coated-microblasted tools........................................................................................................................................................ 117 Ghule G.S., Sanap S., Chinchanikar S. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted hard turning of AISI 52100 steel: comparative evaluation and modeling using dimensional analysis........................................................................................................................................................ 136 Pivkin P.M., Ershov A.A., Mironov N.E., Nadykto A.B. Infl uence of the shape of the toroidal fl ank surface on the cutting wedge angles and mechanical stresses along the drill cutting edge...................................................................................................................... 151 MATERIAL SCIENCE Sokolov R.A., Muratov K.R., Venediktov A.N., Mamadaliev R.A. Infl uence of internal stresses on the intensity of corrosion processes in structural steel....................................................................................................................................................................... 167 Klimenov V.A., Kolubaev E.A., Han Z., Chumaevskii A.V., Dvilis E.S., Strelkova I.L., Drobyaz E.A., Yaremenko O.B., Kuranov A.E. Elastic modulus and hardness of Ti alloy obtained by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing................... 180 Vorontsov A.V., Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Moskvichev E.N., Novitskaya O.S., Knyazhev E.O., Denisova Yu.A., Leonov A.A., Denisov V.V. In situ crystal lattice analysis of nitride single-component and multilayer ZrN/CrN coatings in the process of thermal cycling.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 202 Rubtsov V.E., Panfi lov A.O., Kniazhev E.O., Nikolaeva A.V., Cheremnov A.M., Gusarova A.V., Beloborodov V.A., Chumaevskii A.V., Grinenko A.V., Kolubaev E.A. Infl uence of high-energy impact during plasma cutting on the structure and properties of surface layers of aluminum and titanium alloys................................................................................................................... 216 Bobylyov E.E., Storojenko I.D., Matorin A.A., Marchenko V.D. Features of the formation of Ni-Cr coatings obtained by diff usion alloying from low-melting liquid metal solutions..................................................................................................................................... 232 Burkov А.А., Konevtsov L.А., Dvornik М.И., Nikolenko S.V., Kulik M.A. Formation and investigation of the properties of FeWCrMoBC metallic glass coatings on carbon steel.......................................................................................................................... 244 Sharma S.S., Khatri R., Joshi A. A synergistic approach to the development of lightweight aluminium-based porous metallic foam using stir casting method........................................................................................................................................................................... 255 Strokach E.A., Kozhevnikov G.D., Pozhidaev A.A., Dobrovolsky S.V. Numerical study of titanium alloy high-velocity solid particle erosion.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 268 EDITORIALMATERIALS 284 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 295 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 4 3 Effect of tool pin profile on the tensile characteristics of friction stir welded joints of AA8011 Yogendra Rajpoot 1, a, *, Avadesh Sharma 1, b, Vibhooti Mishra 2, c, Kushal Saxena 1, d, Desh Deepak 1, e, Shyam Sharma 3, f 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India 205119 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India 276201 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007 a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9662-0903, yogendrasingh.rajpoot@recmainpuri.in; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-6497, aksharma@recmainpuri.in; c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-3573, vibhooti1810@gmail.com; d https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-3636, saxenakushal05@gmail.com; e https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2662-9571, dd08iitd@gmail.com; f https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1510-5871, shyamsunder.sharma@jaipur.manipal.edu Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 4 pp. 105–116 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-105-116 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 06 July 2023 Revised: 01 August 2023 Accepted: 15 August 2023 Available online: 15 December 2023 Keywords: FSW Tool pin Profile Tensile Strength Acknowledgements Express our gratitude to our undergraduate and graduate students Mohd Lareb, Mr. Chandrashekhar and Mr. AnkitArya for assistance in conducting the experiments. ABSTRACT Introduction. Aluminum alloys are in abundant demand of shipbuilding and aircraft industries. This study emphasizes on the effects of two different tool pin profiles on the tensile characteristics of welded joints made of AA8011 aluminum alloy welded joints. The joining technique used is friction stir welding (FSW) due to its unique characteristics such as very low heat affected zone when joining in a solid state. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint are influenced by the geometry of the tool and such parameters as rotational speed and traverse speed of the tool. The methods of investigation. The experiments on FSW were performed on universal milling machine with taper cylindrical and cylindrical threaded tool pin profiles using the three different combination of tool rotational and traverse speed (a) 320 rpm, 45 mm/min; b) 400 rpm, 50 mm/min; c) 575 rpm, 60 mm/min.). To analyze the joint characteristics, tensile tests were conducted and ultimate tensile strength as well as joint efficiency was calculated for individual joint. Results and Discussion. Based on the revised results, it is evident that higher RPM values have a positive impact on joint efficiency and tensile strength for both the taper cylindrical pin profile and the threaded cylindrical pin profile. The findings show that the joint efficiency and tensile strength are consistently higher for the threaded cylindrical pin profile compared to the taper cylindrical pin profile, regardless of the RPM and feed rate. From the results, it was found that joint efficiency and tensile strength is maximum at higher RPM irrespective of the tool pin profile i.e. 73.6 % and 123 MPa for taper cylindrical pin profile and 85 % and 142 MPa for threaded cylindrical pin profile at 575 rpm, 60 mm/min. These are the highest in comparison to 72.5 % and 119 MPa at 320 rpm, 45 mm/min and 70.1 % and 115 MPa at 400 rpm, 50 mm/min for taper pin profile tool and 82.6 % and 138 MPa at 320 rpm, 45 mm/min and 77.8 % and 130 MPa at 400 rpm, 50 mm/min for threaded cylindrical pin profile. Overall, the study demonstrates that joints obtained using the threaded cylindrical pin profile demonstrate higher joint efficiency and tensile strength than those prepared using the taper cylindrical pin profile. The highest joint efficiency and tensile strength of 84.5 % and 142 MPa, respectively, were achieved using the threaded cylindrical pin profile at 575 rpm and 60 mm/min. For citation: Rajpoot Y.S., SharmaA.K., Mishra V.N., Saxena K., Deepak D., Sharma S.S. Effect of tool pin profile on the tensile characteristics of friction stir welded joints of AA8011. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 105–116. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-105-116. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Rajpoot Yogendra Singh, M.Tech (Engineering), Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri, 205119, Uttar Pradesh, India. Tel.: +917014210761, e-mail: yogendrasingh.rajpoot@recmainpuri.in Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW), which was invented by Wayne Thomas at TWI in 1991, is well suited for joining solid state metals [1–2]. Aluminum alloys are often used in the aircraft and automobile industries, railway transport, and bridge construction due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance [2]. As compared to the other conventional welding process, the material undergoes severe
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 4 2023 plastic deformation, resulting in the formation of a stir zone with very fine recrystallized grains [3], called a dynamic recrystallization zone [4–6]. Friction stir welding is also characterized by low energy consumption [7]. Melting and recrystallization do not occur, so the materials are joining in a solid state. FSW is of particular importance for joining of aluminum and magnesium alloys since it can significantly reduce defects such as solidification cracking, porosity and distortions, which are the commonly observed during fusion welded. These process capabilities of FSW have made it very practical for joining some alloys. The interaction of the tool bottom surface and the pin surface with material being processed results in the generation of sufficient frictional heat to soften the material without melting [8–9]. Thus, the surface of the tool pin plays a critical role in the generation of frictional heat, material flow and plastic deformation. The tool offset is also critical factor that determines the heat generated when the tool tip rubs against the material [10], therefore it determines the thermal-physical properties in the weld zone [11–12]. The quality of the joints depends on the correct choice of FSW process parameter [13, 14]. As practice shows, some investigations are focused on the friction stir welding of hot and cold-worked aluminum alloys [15] using some specially designed tools [16] with various pin shapes such as hexagon, pentagon and square [17]. Some recent studies have shown that FSW is capable of joining both similar and dissimilar aluminum alloys [18–21]. Butt joints in friction stir welding are very common, compared to aluminum alloy lap joints, which have been studied by only a few researchers [22, 23]. Davidson et al. [24] investigated the tensile strength characteristic of the friction stir welded joints of AA8011 aluminum under different process parameter and concluded that the joint fabricated at traverse speed of 45 mm/min and tool rotational speed of 1,400 rpm and axial thrust of 2.15 kN have better tensile strength compared to the other joints. K. Palani et al. [25] fabricated dissimilar FSW joint and focused on the impact of process variables and tool design on joint quality. Consequently, this work attempted to determine the effect of three different tip profiles (square, pentagonal, and hexagonal) and the combination of tool rotational speed and traverse speed on the tensile properties of FSW joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys AA6061-T6 and AA8011. By implementing FSW, Elangovan and Balasubramanian [26–28] examined the performance of five various geometries of pin namely “threaded cylindrical”, “tapered cylindrical”, “triangular”, “square”, “straight cylindrical” on AA2219 aluminum alloy. Although previous research have shown that the tool pin profiles [29—31] or pin shapes [32] and welding speed influence strength enhancement, a connection between low welding speed and pin profile has not yet been established. Therefore, in the present research, AA8011 aluminum alloy was friction stir welded at low welding speed with the different pin profiles, and effect on joint quality is evaluated in terms of hardness and tensile properties. Investigation Technique An experiment was conducted to obtain defect-free FSW joints of AA8011 on a vertical milling machine; the plates to be welded were mounted on the base plate with clamps, as shown in fig. 1. Fig. 2 represents the plastic flow of the material during the welding process. The chemical composition of AA8011 is shown in table 1. The process parameters considered include tool pin profiles as shown in fig. 3, with all the tool characteristics listed in table 2 and few combinations of tool rotational speed and traverse speed. These parameters are known to have an important impact on the strength and other mechanical properties of the joint. A rolled plate 6 mm thick was cut into the required size using a hand hacksaw. Two plates were arranged in square butt joint arrangement to create the FSW joint. The plates were clamped over a base plate, and the welding was performed in the direction of rolling. Welding was carried out using two different nonconsumable tools made from D2 steel. The chemical composition of D2 steel is shown in table 3. The choice of tool material depends on the material being welded. For soft materials, tool steel or stainless steel can be used, while refractory materials are necessary for hard materials. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of the joints was conducted through tensile tests on standard specimens. The specimens were cut transversely to the welding direction, and the tensile tests were performed on a universal testing machine with a constant strain rate, specifically a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 4 3 Fig. 1. Plates mounted on the bed of vertical milling machine Fig. 2. Material flow during FSW Ta b l e 1 Chemical Composition of AA8011 Component Al Fe Si Cu Mn Mg Zn Content (%) 97.5–99.1 0.6–0.90 0.5–0.6 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.1 a b Fig. 3. Tool pin profiles: a – taper cylindrical; b – threaded cylindrical Ta b l e 2 Tool Features TOOLS (A) (B) Pin Profile Taper cylindrical Threaded cylindrical Diameter of The Pin 6 mm at Top 4 mm at Bottom 6 mm, Thread with pitch of 1.2 mm Length of the Pin 5.7 mm 5.7 mm Diameter of the Shoulder 14 mm 14 mm
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 4 2023 Ta b l e 3 Chemical Composition of D2 steel Element Content (%) Element Content (%) C 1.40–1.60 Mo 0.70–1.20 Mn 0.60 V 1.10 Si 0.60 Ni 0.30 Co 1.00 P 0.03 Cr 11.0–13.0 Cu 0.25 S 0.03 Al Balance Results and Discussion The base material’s tensile strength was measured and used as a reference for comparison. Fig. 4, a shows a specimen of the base material that was tested and fig. 4, b represents the fractured specimen of the base material after the tensile test. Table 4 contains the results of the tensile test on the base material. Fractured specimens of the welded joints are shown in fig. 5 and fig. 7 and stress-strain diagrams obtained after tensile test of the welded joints, which were fabricated using cylindrical pin profile and taper cylindrical pin profile, are shown in fig. 6 and fig. 8, respectively. Fig. 5. Fractured specimens after tensile test of joints fabricated using threaded cylindrical pin a b Fig. 4. Tensile test specimens: a – before tensile test; b – after tensile test Ta b l e 4 Tensile test results of base material Load at peak, kN Tensile strength, MPa Elongation at break, mm 15.060 167 21.01
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 23 No. 3 2021 MATERIAL SCIENCE EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS 5 4 3 a b Fig. 6. Tensile test result of weld fabricated by cylindrical threaded pin profile: a – bar chart of UTS; b – stress-strain diagram Fig. 7. Fractured specimens after tensile test of joints fabricated using taper cylindrical pin a b Fig. 8. Tensile test results of welds fabricated by cylindrical taper pin profile: a – bar chart of UTS; b – stress-strain diagram The results indicate that the tensile strength of welded joints fabricated using threaded cylindrical pin profile and taper cylindrical pin profile is lower, than that of the base material. Based on the results presented, it is evident that with increasing tool rotation speed (RPM), the strength of the welded joint and the joint efficiency increases, regardless of the tool tip profile. For the tool with threaded cylindrical pin profile, joint efficiency and tensile strength are highest at 575 rpm and 60 mm/min and are equal to 84.5 % and 142 MPa, respectively (table 5). Lower values of rotation speed (320 rpm and 45 mm/min) result in slightly lower values of the joint efficiency and tensile strength (138 MPa and 82.6 %).
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 5 No. 4 2023 Ta b l e 5 Tensile test results of joints fabricated with cylindrical threaded pin profile tool Properties 320 rpm, 40 mm/min 400 rpm, 45 mm/min 575 rpm, 60 mm/min Tensile strength (MPa) 138 130 142 Joint Efficiency (%) 82.6 77.8 85 Ta b l e 6 Tensile test result of joints fabricated with cylindrical taper pin profile tool Properties 320 rpm, 40 mm/min 400 rpm, 45 mm/min 575 rpm, 60 mm/min Tensile strength (MPa) 119 115 123 Joint Efficiency (%) 71.2 68.8 73.6 For the taper cylindrical pin profile, the joint efficiency and the tensile strength are highest at 575 rpm and 60 mm/min i.e. 73.6 % & 123 MPa (table 6). Lower values of rotation speed (320 rpm and 45 mm/min) result in lower joint efficiency and tensile strength i.e. 71.25 % & 119 MPa. Intermediate values of rotation speed (400 rpm and 50 mm/min) also give slightly lower values of the joint efficiency and the tensile strength i.e. 68.86 % and 115 MPa. Overall, it appears that 575 rpm and 60 mm/min are the optimal operating conditions for achieving maximum joint efficiency and tensile strength, regardless of whether a taper cylindrical pin profile or a threaded cylindrical pin profile is used. At these specific parameters, the tensile strength is 142 MPa for the threaded cylindrical pin profile and 123 MPa for the taper cylindrical pin profile. The results show that the subsequently created stir zone is entirely dependent on tool rotational speed, traverse speed. Better mixing of the material is observed at higher rotational speed of tool. The shape of the mixing zone is influenced by the shape of the tip. A wider mixing zone is observed when using a tool with a threaded cylinder tip. Conclusions Research shows that aluminum alloy AA8011 can be joined by different pin profiles at different combination of rotational speed and tool traverse speed. A defect-free joint fabricated using a cylindrical threaded tool at a rotation speed of 575 rpm and a traverse speed of 60 mm/min, is characterized by comparatively higher mechanical properties in terms of maximum tensile strength and the joint efficiency. Regardless of the tool pin type, the mechanical properties and joint efficiency was decreased at lower the rotational speed. However, this may be due to some kind of defects. An increase in tensile strength and the joint efficiency was achieved when using a cylindrical threaded pin, which may be due to the formation of fine grains in the stirring zone. References 1. Thomas W.M., Nicholas E.D., Needham J.C., Murch M.G., Temple-Smith P., Dawes C.J. Friction Stir Butt Welding. Patent GB, no. 9125978.8, 1991. 2. Dawes C., Thomas W. Friction stir joining of aluminum alloys. TWI Bulletin, 1995, vol. 6, pp. 124–127. 3. Rhodes C.G., Mahoney M.W., Bingel W.H., Spurling R.A., Bampton C.C. Effects of friction stir welding on microstructure of 7075 aluminium. Scripta Materialia, 1997, vol. 36 (1), pp. 69–75. 4. Liu G., Murr L.E., Niou C.S., McClure J.C., Vega F.R. Microstructural aspects of the friction-stir welding of 6061-T6 aluminum. Scripta Materialia, 1997, vol. 37 (3), pp. 355–361.
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