Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Akintseva A.V., Pereverzev P.P. Modeling the interrelation of the cutting force with the cutting depth and the volumes of the metal being removed by single grains in fl at grinding........................................................................................................................................ 6 Sharma S.S., Joshi A., Rajpoot Y.S. A systematic review of processing techniques for cellular metallic foam production................. 22 Karlina Yu.I., Kononenko R.V., Ivantsivsky V.V., Popov M.A., Deryugin F.F., Byankin V.E. Review of modern requirements for welding of pipe high-strength low-alloy steels.......................................................................................................................................... 36 Startsev E.A., Bakhmatov P.V. The infl uence of automatic arc welding modes on the geometric parameters of the seam of butt joints made of low-carbon steel, made using experimental fl ux......................................................................................................................... 61 Martyushev N.V., Kozlov V.N., Qi M., Baginskiy A.G., Han Z., Bovkun A.S. Milling martensitic steel blanks obtained using additive technologies................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 Loginov Yu.N., Zamaraeva Yu.V. Evaluation of the bars’ multichannel angular pressing scheme and its potential application in practice................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Rajpoot Y.S., SharmaA.K., Mishra V.N., Saxena K., Deepak D., Sharma S.S. Eff ect of tool pin profi le on the tensile characteristics of friction stir welded joints of AA8011.................................................................................................................................................... 105 Chinchanikar S., Gadge M.G. Performance modeling and multi-objective optimization during turning AISI 304 stainless steel using coated and coated-microblasted tools........................................................................................................................................................ 117 Ghule G.S., Sanap S., Chinchanikar S. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted hard turning of AISI 52100 steel: comparative evaluation and modeling using dimensional analysis........................................................................................................................................................ 136 Pivkin P.M., Ershov A.A., Mironov N.E., Nadykto A.B. Infl uence of the shape of the toroidal fl ank surface on the cutting wedge angles and mechanical stresses along the drill cutting edge...................................................................................................................... 151 MATERIAL SCIENCE Sokolov R.A., Muratov K.R., Venediktov A.N., Mamadaliev R.A. Infl uence of internal stresses on the intensity of corrosion processes in structural steel....................................................................................................................................................................... 167 Klimenov V.A., Kolubaev E.A., Han Z., Chumaevskii A.V., Dvilis E.S., Strelkova I.L., Drobyaz E.A., Yaremenko O.B., Kuranov A.E. Elastic modulus and hardness of Ti alloy obtained by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing................... 180 Vorontsov A.V., Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Moskvichev E.N., Novitskaya O.S., Knyazhev E.O., Denisova Yu.A., Leonov A.A., Denisov V.V. In situ crystal lattice analysis of nitride single-component and multilayer ZrN/CrN coatings in the process of thermal cycling.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 202 Rubtsov V.E., Panfi lov A.O., Kniazhev E.O., Nikolaeva A.V., Cheremnov A.M., Gusarova A.V., Beloborodov V.A., Chumaevskii A.V., Grinenko A.V., Kolubaev E.A. Infl uence of high-energy impact during plasma cutting on the structure and properties of surface layers of aluminum and titanium alloys................................................................................................................... 216 Bobylyov E.E., Storojenko I.D., Matorin A.A., Marchenko V.D. Features of the formation of Ni-Cr coatings obtained by diff usion alloying from low-melting liquid metal solutions..................................................................................................................................... 232 Burkov А.А., Konevtsov L.А., Dvornik М.И., Nikolenko S.V., Kulik M.A. Formation and investigation of the properties of FeWCrMoBC metallic glass coatings on carbon steel.......................................................................................................................... 244 Sharma S.S., Khatri R., Joshi A. A synergistic approach to the development of lightweight aluminium-based porous metallic foam using stir casting method........................................................................................................................................................................... 255 Strokach E.A., Kozhevnikov G.D., Pozhidaev A.A., Dobrovolsky S.V. Numerical study of titanium alloy high-velocity solid particle erosion.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 268 EDITORIALMATERIALS 284 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 295 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Influence of internal stresses on the intensity of corrosion processes in structural steel Roman Sokolov a, *, Kamil muratov b, Anatolii Venediktov c, Rasul Mamadaliev d Tyumen Industrial University, 38 Volodarskogo, Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-8170, falcon.rs@mail.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8079-2022, muratows@mail.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6899-4297, annattoliy@gmail.com; d https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-0961, mamadalievra@tyuiu.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 4 pp. 167–179 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-167-179 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 09 August 2023 Revised: 21 August 2023 Accepted: 09 September 2023 Available online: 15 December 2023 Keywords: Residual internal stresses Microstructure Degree of grain anisotropy Structural steel Residual strain Corrosion rate ABSTRACT Introduction. The behavior of metal in a corrosive environment can be ambiguous, which is due to the peculiarities of the corrosion process. Both external and internal factors influence the corrosion process. External factors are determined by temperature, humidity, type of corrosive medium, etc., while internal factors depend on the parameters of the system (material): the presence of inclusions, phase composition, structure, and the magnitude of internal residual stresses. Internal factors ambiguously affect the behavior of the material in a certain aggressive medium, which ultimately affects the time of corrosion damage of the material and, as a consequence, the time of operation of objects made of this material. Therefore, differentiation of the influence of various internal factors on the rate of corrosion process in an aggressive environment is a priority area of research. The purpose of the present work is to consider the influence of the magnitude of internal residual stresses on the rate of corrosion process in an aggressive medium – 5 % sulfuric acid solution. The object of research conducted in the work is sheet rolled steel St3 as received after different magnitude of plastic deformation, from which the specimens under study were made. The methods of investigation: microstructural study of deformed specimens was carried out on optical microscope Olympus GX53; software SIAMS 800 was used to compare the structure of the obtained material with the atlas of microstructures, determine the score of grain structure, determine the anisotropy of the structure after deformation of the material; X-ray diffractometer DRON-7 was used to register diffraction patterns and determine internal stresses; laboratory scales SHIMADZU UW620h was used to measure the mass of the specimens under study; tensile strength of the material’s specimens was measured. Results and Discussion. The obtained results show that the plastic deformation of the material in the rolling direction has an ambiguous effect on the structure anisotropy. When the degree of plastic deformation increases, there is an ambiguous change in the grain anisotropy value, which is associated with the internal effects of the processes occurring in the material structure during plastic deformation, such as: sliding of the crystal lattice in the {111} <110> directions; the occurrence of reverse residual internal stresses due to the presence of inclusions in the steel structure. However, the degree of plastic deformation correlates quite well with the magnitude of internal residual stresses. The increase in the magnitude of internal residual stresses leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of structural steel St3 in 5 % hydrochloric acid solution. The obtained dependence is described by a linear equation with a high coefficient of determination, which indicates that there is a strong relationship between the magnitude of internal residual stresses and the rate of corrosion of the material. At the same time, the coefficient of influence of internal stresses on the corrosion rate is equal to 0.72, which additionally proves the existence of interrelation between the considered parameters. For citation: Sokolov R.A., Muratov K.R., Venediktov A.N., Mamadaliev R.A. Influence of internal stresses on the intensity of corrosion processes in structural steel. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 167–179. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-167-179. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Sokolov Roman A., Post-graduate Student, Assistant Tyumen Industrial University, 38 Volodarskogo str., 625000, Tyumen, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 (919) 925-88-47, e-mail: falcon.rs@mail.ru Introduction The presence of residual stresses in steel products can lead to warping of the surface, formation of cracks under mechanical stresses, changes in the behavior of structures under different loads and contribute to accelerated corrosion process [1–3]. In view of the fact that at the sites of industrial enterprises in most
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 cases the equipment works with aggressive media that accelerate the corrosion process, the presence of internal stresses affecting this process becomes a significant factor. However, it should not be forgotten that various mechanisms [8–11] related to the presence of inclusions, the magnitude of internal stresses, the dispersion of the material, etc. take part in the process of corrosion damage. The influence of these mechanisms on the corrosion process is ambiguous, that is why it is necessary to clearly differentiate the effect of second-order stresses on corrosion processes. There are thermal methods for treating products to reduce internal stresses such as: annealing, tempering and cold working [7]. The use of thermal methods can reduce the strength of the material or even lead to increased corrosion susceptibility. Mechanical methods can also be used to reduce internal residual stresses. The most widespread method is based on material stretching at room temperature. The essence of the method is the plastic deformation of the material not exceeding 0.5–2% [4]. It should be clarified that plastic deformation is understood as the change in geometric dimensions remaining after the removal of the load [5]. The decrease in the magnitude of internal stresses during this kind of plastic deformation is associated with a slight distortion of the metal crystal lattice under the action of tangential stresses, resulting in irreversible displacement of atoms. After removal of external tensile stresses, the elastic component of deformation is eliminated [17, 18]. A small part of the strain remains, and the material is almost completely free from residual stresses [6]. Plastic deformation occurs due to slip and twinning processes, resulting in an increase in the number of linear defects in the form of dislocations [3, 7]. The literature review conducted shows that the influence of the residual stress state of the material on the corrosion rate is not fully studied [1–3]. Literature sources mainly consider the process of electrochemical corrosion of metal depending on the magnitude of tensile stress applied to the object [3], but there is no data reflecting the initial state of the material and its influence on the rate of corrosion process. Based on the above, this paper examines the effect exerted by the plastic deformation of the material on the corrosion rate of low alloy carbon steel St3. Research methodology The results given in this paper are obtained on specimens made of St3 steel sheets as received. This steel is widely used to manufacture various steel structures, pipes and equipment. The specimens 4×70×25 mm in size were cut across the rolling direction. Determination of internal stresses was carried out on X-ray diffractometer DRON-7, according to the method of S.S. Gorelik [3]. The method is based on the comparison of data obtained on the specimens under study with the data obtained on the reference specimens, which is an annealed material with the minimum magnitude of internal residual stresses. Corrosion tests of the specimens were carried out in laboratory conditions for 72 hours at temperature 20 °C. A 5 % hydrochloric acid solution was used as an aggressive medium. The container with the specimens under study and aggressive medium was placed in the thermostat; there was no direct contact between the specimens under study. The mass of specimens was determined using laboratory scales SHIMADZU UW620h as an average value of three measurements. Geometric dimensions of the specimens were determined using a caliper. Corrosion tests were carried out according to the method [6]. The criterion for assessing the corrosive effect was the corrosion rate, which was calculated using the formula: , m v St D = (1) where Dm is a relative weight loss (g); S is a surface area of the specimen in contact with an aggressive medium (m2); T is a time of contact of the specimen with an aggressive medium (days). The specimens were stretched using a universal testing machine I1185M (100 kN). The measurement accuracy was not more than ±1 %.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 The structure of the material was analyzed using the software package “SIAMS 800”. Some obtained results are reflected in [10, 11, 15, 16]. Results and discussion Specimens cut across the rolled direction were deformed under slow loading at a rate not exceeding 0.1 mm/s. Specimen No.2 was deformed by 1.5 %, specimen No.3 was deformed by 3.0 %, specimen No.4 was deformed by 4.5 %, specimen No.5 was deformed by 6.6 %. Specimen No.1 was not deformed, so it had the lowest magnitudes of internal stress. This difference from the theory is due to the direction, in which the specimen was cut from a plate of rolled metal. Deformation means the change in the length of the specimen expressed as a percentage of the original size. The microstructure of the specimen being investigated is shown in fig. 1. a b Fig. 1. Microstructure of the specimens at magnification of 500X: а – specimen No. 1; b – specimen No. 3 When analyzing the microsections, it was found that the structure is presented by a ferrite-perlite mixture in the ratio of 81.7 % ferrite and 18.3 % perlite. The structure corresponds to score 8 according to GOST 8233: the minimum grain score is 8, the maximum grain score is 13; grains occupying the largest area on a microsection correspond to a score of 11. When rolling the metal, grains are pulled out in the rolling direction and, consequently, internal stresses are redistributed; its maximum magnitude will also be observed in this direction, as evidenced by diffraction patterns (fig. 2). The specimens were stretched at a rate of 0.1 mm/min. Table 1 shows the results of determining the basic mechanical characteristics for specimen No.5. Since the specimens were cut across the rolling direction, it is natural to assume that the lowest magnitude of internal stresses will be observed in the initial state in the longitudinal direction relative to the external load. During deformation, redistribution of stresses may occur and its magnitude may increase (fig. 4). Fig. 4 shows that with increasing plastic strain of the specimens there is an increase in the magnitude of internal residual stresses in the direction of rolling. After deforming the specimens, corrosion tests were carried out, the results of which are shown in fig. 5. The tests were carried out in a thermostat at a constant temperature. To clarify the data obtained, the experiment was carried out twice. Specimens were preliminary prepared by electrochemical etching. It can be seen that the corrosion rate increases with increasing material strain, which is also due to the increase in the magnitude of internal stresses (fig. 6).
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Fig. 2. Diffraction patterns obtained on the specimens being studied Fig. 3. Tensile diagram for specimen No.5 Ta b l e 1 Mechanical characteristics of specimen No.5 Upper yield stress (N) 1,220 Lower yield stress (N) 1,21 Offset yield stress (N) 1,130
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Fig. 4. Change in the values of internal stresses with increasing degree of residual deformation of the material Fig. 5. Dependence of the corrosion rate on the specimen deformation Fig. 6. Dependence of the internal stresses on the average corrosion rate (based on the results of 2 experiments)
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 As can be seen from fig. 6, the corrosion rate has a linear dependence on the magnitude of internal stresses. It should be noted that the maximum change in grain size in this experiment was 20% of the original (table 2). Fig. 7 shows the image of specimen No.3 structure processed in the SIAMS 800 software. Grain boundaries are highlighted in red. Fig. 7. Microstructure of specimen No.3 at 500X magnification with constructed grain boundaries Ta b l e 2 Some parameters of the specimen being investigated Dmin [µm] 2.56 2.82 3.04 2.95 2.87 L, [mm] 0 0.370 0.760 1.130 1.590 Ψ, [%] 0 1.48 3.04 4.52 6.63 Δd, [%] 0 10.07 18.71 15.33 12.09 Dmin is the minimum grain size; L is the specimen elongation; Ψ is the residual deformation of the specimen; Δd is the average change of grain size at material deformation. The maximum change was observed when the material deformed to 3 %, then relaxation processes occurred in the structure and the grain sizes in two directions became equal, which led to a decrease in the average values. The average values of the maximum grain sizes in the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the external tensile force are used for comparison (fig. 8). This process is also evidenced by the change in longitudinal and transverse grain dimensions expressed in the degree of anisotropy (fig. 9). The degree of anisotropy is defined as the ratio of transverse d2 to the longitudinal d1 grain size. It should be noted that as the strain of the material increases, the dislocation density in the material also increases, the stronger the impact on the metal [24, 25]. The deformation at the initial stage is due to the sliding of a small amount of dislocations present in the material. As the degree of material’s deformation increases, the number of dislocations moving in the
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Fig. 8. Schematic representation of the specimen being investigated with texture formed by rolling Fig. 9. Dependence of the average degree of grain anisotropy (by number) on the value of residual strain of the specimens being studied crystal increases. This leads to an increase in collisions between dislocations, which hinder its further sliding, resulting in the formation of clusters unable to move through the crystal. The movement of new dislocations formed during deformation is restricted by the clusters, resulting in hardening of the metal [8]. The presence of this fact can affect the average grain size determined by X-ray diffractometry and lead to an increase in the degree of grain anisotropy. The relationship between corrosion and internal stresses during plastic deformation is due to changes in the number of structural defects in the crystal. Such changes occur by sliding of dislocations within several sliding systems characteristic of the observed crystal lattice. Sliding occurs along planes and crystallographic directions characterized by dense packing of atoms, and hence the least resistance to shear. Plastic deformation in such a case sets dislocations in motion and increases the probability of its annihilation when it meets a dislocation of a different sign [9, 17, 18]. The literature indicates that plastic deformation of phases with body-centered cubic lattice (BCC) is caused by the slip of crystallographic directions {110} <111> [19].
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Residual stresses of opposite sign can occur in the material during cold rolling due to inclusions [20]. The reverse stress can increase the anisotropy of the material. We can observe the results of such a process in fig. 6. Sources of anisotropy can be other microstructure features besides texture and grain morphology, such as oriented dislocation structures [21–23]. We use the influence coefficient to determine the influence of internal stresses on the corrosion rate. This coefficient is determined by determining the small deviations observed between the parameters under study. max i i i i Y Y X N X Y − = D , (2) where Xi is the corrosion rate value; Yi is the magnitude of internal residual stresses; ΔXi is the incremental value of corrosion rate; Yi is the maximum internal residual stresses. The influence coefficient of internal stresses is determined from the central region of the experimental dependence by formula 2. We find that the coefficient of influence of the magnitude of internal stresses on the corrosion rate is 0.72. Conclusion 1. It is established that the initial state of the material has a direct effect on the corrosion process in an aggressive medium. This effect is illustrated using the example of deformation of St3 structural steel and changes in its corrosion rate in a 5 % hydrochloric acid solution. 2. It is found that with increasing the degree of plastic deformation along the rolling direction, the magnitude of internal stresses increases. The magnitude of internal stresses is governed by a linear correlation dependence on the magnitude of residual strain of the material with a coefficient of determination R2 ≈ 0.98. 3. When the degree of plastic deformation increases, there is an ambiguous change in the value of grain anisotropy, which is associated with internal effects occurring in the structure of the material processes during plastic deformation, such as: the sliding of the crystal lattice in the directions {110} <111>; the occurrence of inverse residual internal stresses due to the presence of inclusions in the steel structure. 4. The magnitude of internal residual stresses and corrosion rate of the material have a direct linear relationship, which is described by a regression equation of linear type with R2 ≈ 0.92. Thus, the coefficient of influence of the magnitude of internal stresses on corrosion rate is equal to 0.72, that proves the presence of interrelation between the parameters under consideration. References 1. Zhuikov I.V., Gareev D.V., Popov G.G., Bolobov V.I. [Influence of the stressed-deformed state of the pipeline metal on the rate of formation of grooving corrosion]. Sovremennye obrazovatel’nye tekhnologii v podgotovke spetsialistov dlya mineral’no-syr’evogo kompleksa: III Vserossiiskaya konferentsiya [Proceedings 3rd All-Russian Conference “Modern educational technologies in training specialists for the mineral resource complex”]. St. Petersburg, 2020, рр. 1364–1370. (In Russian). 2. Zainyllin R.S., Zainyllina A.R. Vzaimosvyaz’ skorosti korrozii i napryazhenno-deformirovannogo sostoyaniya stali [Relationship of corrosion rate and tensions strain state of steel]. Neftegazovye tekhnologii i novye materialy. Problemy i resheniya [Proceedings of scientific papers “Oil and Gas Technologies and New Materials. Problems and solutions”]. Ufa, 2016, iss. 5 (10), рр. 347–353. 3. Gorelik S.S., Rastorguev L.N., Skakov Yu.A. Rentgenograficheskii i elektronnoopticheskii analiz [X-ray and electron optical analysis]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1970. 366 p. 4. Zernii Yu.V. Osnovy tochnosti i upravleniya kachestvom v priborostroenii [Fundamentals of accuracy and quality management in instrumentation]. Moscow, Moscow State Academy of Instrument Engineering and Computer Science Publ., 2003. 170 p. 5. Novikov I.I. Defekty kristallicheskogo stroeniya metallov [Defects in the crystal structure of metals]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1975. 208 p.
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