Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Tomsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Akintseva A.V., Pereverzev P.P. Modeling the interrelation of the cutting force with the cutting depth and the volumes of the metal being removed by single grains in fl at grinding........................................................................................................................................ 6 Sharma S.S., Joshi A., Rajpoot Y.S. A systematic review of processing techniques for cellular metallic foam production................. 22 Karlina Yu.I., Kononenko R.V., Ivantsivsky V.V., Popov M.A., Deryugin F.F., Byankin V.E. Review of modern requirements for welding of pipe high-strength low-alloy steels.......................................................................................................................................... 36 Startsev E.A., Bakhmatov P.V. The infl uence of automatic arc welding modes on the geometric parameters of the seam of butt joints made of low-carbon steel, made using experimental fl ux......................................................................................................................... 61 Martyushev N.V., Kozlov V.N., Qi M., Baginskiy A.G., Han Z., Bovkun A.S. Milling martensitic steel blanks obtained using additive technologies................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 Loginov Yu.N., Zamaraeva Yu.V. Evaluation of the bars’ multichannel angular pressing scheme and its potential application in practice................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Rajpoot Y.S., SharmaA.K., Mishra V.N., Saxena K., Deepak D., Sharma S.S. Eff ect of tool pin profi le on the tensile characteristics of friction stir welded joints of AA8011.................................................................................................................................................... 105 Chinchanikar S., Gadge M.G. Performance modeling and multi-objective optimization during turning AISI 304 stainless steel using coated and coated-microblasted tools........................................................................................................................................................ 117 Ghule G.S., Sanap S., Chinchanikar S. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted hard turning of AISI 52100 steel: comparative evaluation and modeling using dimensional analysis........................................................................................................................................................ 136 Pivkin P.M., Ershov A.A., Mironov N.E., Nadykto A.B. Infl uence of the shape of the toroidal fl ank surface on the cutting wedge angles and mechanical stresses along the drill cutting edge...................................................................................................................... 151 MATERIAL SCIENCE Sokolov R.A., Muratov K.R., Venediktov A.N., Mamadaliev R.A. Infl uence of internal stresses on the intensity of corrosion processes in structural steel....................................................................................................................................................................... 167 Klimenov V.A., Kolubaev E.A., Han Z., Chumaevskii A.V., Dvilis E.S., Strelkova I.L., Drobyaz E.A., Yaremenko O.B., Kuranov A.E. Elastic modulus and hardness of Ti alloy obtained by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing................... 180 Vorontsov A.V., Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Moskvichev E.N., Novitskaya O.S., Knyazhev E.O., Denisova Yu.A., Leonov A.A., Denisov V.V. In situ crystal lattice analysis of nitride single-component and multilayer ZrN/CrN coatings in the process of thermal cycling.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 202 Rubtsov V.E., Panfi lov A.O., Kniazhev E.O., Nikolaeva A.V., Cheremnov A.M., Gusarova A.V., Beloborodov V.A., Chumaevskii A.V., Grinenko A.V., Kolubaev E.A. Infl uence of high-energy impact during plasma cutting on the structure and properties of surface layers of aluminum and titanium alloys................................................................................................................... 216 Bobylyov E.E., Storojenko I.D., Matorin A.A., Marchenko V.D. Features of the formation of Ni-Cr coatings obtained by diff usion alloying from low-melting liquid metal solutions..................................................................................................................................... 232 Burkov А.А., Konevtsov L.А., Dvornik М.И., Nikolenko S.V., Kulik M.A. Formation and investigation of the properties of FeWCrMoBC metallic glass coatings on carbon steel.......................................................................................................................... 244 Sharma S.S., Khatri R., Joshi A. A synergistic approach to the development of lightweight aluminium-based porous metallic foam using stir casting method........................................................................................................................................................................... 255 Strokach E.A., Kozhevnikov G.D., Pozhidaev A.A., Dobrovolsky S.V. Numerical study of titanium alloy high-velocity solid particle erosion.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 268 EDITORIALMATERIALS 284 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 295 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Features of the formation of Ni-Cr coatings obtained by diffusion alloying from low-melting liquid metal solutions Eduard Bobylyov a, *, Ivan Storojenko b, Anastas Matorin c, Viacheslav Marchenko d Kuban State Technological University, 2 Moskovskaya st., Krasnodar, 350072, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7754-1807, ebobylev@mail.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0900-9330, storojenko_armv@mail.ru; c https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5405-8451, anastas_brsoyan@mail.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3514-0201, mwsat79@gmail.com Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 4 pp. 232–243 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-232-243 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 08 August 2023 Revised: 22 August 2023 Accepted: 19 October 2023 Available online: 15 December 2023 Keywords: Diffusion Coating Chromium Nickel Thermochemical treatment Steel Funding The research was carried out with the financial support of the Kuban Scientific Foundation within the framework of the scientific and innovative project No. NIP-20.1/22.17. Acknowledgements Research was partially conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”. ABSTRACT Introduction. The main ways to increase steel parts properties are considered. The rationale for choosing Ni and Cr as the main components of the coating is given. The technology of diffusion alloying from lowmelting liquid metal solutions (DALMMS) is given. The purpose of this work is to identify the features of the coatings formation with simultaneous diffusion saturation of nickel and chromium structural steels using the DALMMS technology. Methodology. Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 30 mm were subjected to DALMMS. The specimens were manufactured of the following structural steels: carbon steel St3, alloyed carbon steels 40Cr, 40Cr13, and extrafine steel 30CrMnSiNi2. As a technological medium with DALLMS (transport melt), a Pb-Li eutectic melt with the specified content of Ni and Cr was used. Metallographic studies were carried out on microsections prepared according to the standard methodology. Studies to determine the thickness of coatings and its structure were carried out on the Dura Scan Falcon 500 microhardness tester. The elemental composition of the coatings was determined by the method of X-ray microanalysis on a Tescan Lyra 3 scanning electron microscope with the Oxford Ultim MAX PCMA system. Results and discuss. It is revealed that the formation of diffusive Ni-Cr coatings occurs with DALMMS. With DALMMS of structural steels contained carbon in cementite form two-layers coatings are formed: surface carbide layer and transition solid-soluble one. At the same time, the chromium content in the surface layers reaches 80 % with a nickel content of 1.5 %. The maximum Ni concentration is observed in the transition layer and amounts to 21 % at a depth of 5 µm on steel 30CrMnSiNi2 and 13 % at a depth of 4.5 µm for steel 40Cr. Carrying out the DALMMS on steels containing carbon in the form of chromium carbides, or containing carbon in small amounts, leads to the formation of single-layer coatings based on solid solutions. The Ni content in the coating reaches 40 %, the chromium content for steel St3 is 14.5 %; for steel 40Cr13 it was 9 %. For citation: Bobylyov E.E., Storojenko I.D., MatorinA.A., Marchenko V.D. Features of the formation of Ni-Cr coatings obtained by diffusion alloying from low-melting liquid metal solutions. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 232–243. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-232-243. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Bobylyov Eduard Ed., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor Kuban State Technological University, 2 Moskovskaya st., 350072, Krasnodar, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 (918) 975-8933; e-mail: ebobylev@mail.ru Introduction One of the leading scientific and technical problems inmodernmechanical engineering is the development of technologies for applying functional coatings on the surface of steel products [1–5]. The properties of the surface layers, such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, crack resistance, and strength, are determined by the composition and structure of the surface layers of products. The impact of surface layers on the corrosion resistance of products is especially important [6]. The application of corrosion-resistant coatings
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 enables the use of structural carbon, low- and medium-alloy steels instead of high-alloy ones in equipment operating in aggressive environments. With regard to increase the corrosion resistance of structural materials, elements such as Ni, Cr, Al, Ti, Cu, etc. are of interest [7–9]. At the same time, the current trend in the formation of functional coatings is the use of elemental compositions based on two or three or more components [10]. From the variety of possible elemental compositions, it is worth highlighting compositions based on nickel and chromium. Nickel forms a continuous series of solid solutions with iron. Nickel coatings are often used as corrosionresistant, heat-resistant, high-temperature resistant ones. Chromium also forms a continuous series of solid solutions with iron. However, chromium is a carbide-forming element, which allows it to be considered not only for elements that form corrosion-resistant coatings, but also wear-resistant ones. Therefore, the formation of coatings based on the Ni-Cr composition is promising. There are numerous techniques for forming coatings based on Ni and Cr, namely: CVD, PVD, flame spraying, galvanic methods, and thermochemical treatment (TCT) [11–15]. At the same time, it is worth paying attention to TCT technologies in connection with the following technological capabilities: simplicity of processing methods; the ability to coat products of complex shapes; a high degree of compatibility of the coating and the material being coated; ensuring a smooth gradient of concentration and properties from the coating to the material being coated [16–17]. Among the promising TCT technologies, diffusion alloying from the medium of low-melting liquid metal solutions (DALMMS) stands out. The technology is based on the phenomenon of isothermal mass transfer of coating elements in a medium of low-melting metals [18–19]. The melt of low-melting metal acts as a transport medium for bringing the diffusant to the coated product’s surface. Simultaneously, the melt elements are unable to diffuse into the specimen being coated. Isothermal mass transfer of a diffusing element consists of the following elementary processes: dissolution of diffusing elements in the melt; its diffusion to the coating material in the liquid phase; adsorption on the surface; diffusion in the solid phase. Based on previous studies, it is worth noting that an important factor influencing the formation of a coating is the elemental composition of the materials being coated. The microstructure of the specimens has less influence on the formation process due to the fact that the DALMMS technology is characterized by high temperatures (900–1,100 °C) and duration (60–600 minutes), which causes phase transformations to occur in the specimen, bringing the structure to an equilibrium state. The formation of coatings based on two-component diffusion saturation with nickel and chromium using DALMMS technology has not been extensively studied. Previous studies indicate that coatings were formed on materials like Armco, Steel 10, Cr6WV, 12Cr18Ni10Ti [20, 21]. The purpose of this work is to identify the features of the coatings formation with simultaneous diffusion saturation of nickel and chromium structural steels using the DALMMS technology. The research objectives are as follows: 1) to identify the influence of the elemental composition of steels on the structure of the surface layers of the coated specimens after DALMMS process. 2) to identify the influence of the elemental composition of steels on the microhardness of the coatings obtained. 3) to identify the influence of the elemental composition of steels on the concentration distribution of coating elements. Methods Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 30 mm were subjected to DALMMS. The composition of the steels is shown in table. These steels were selected due to the possibility of detecting the influence of carbon and other alloying elements (in particular, chromium, nickel) on the DALMMS process. The DALMMS was carried out in a facility developed by our team, in a Pb-Li eutectic melt. Chromium powder (5 wt. %) and nickel powder (10 wt. %) were added to the melt [20]. The coated products were kept
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 for 480 minutes in the melt at a temperature of 1,050 °C in an isothermal mode, while argon was above the surface of the bath. After DALMMS, the surface of the specimens was cleaned of melt residues by etching in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical composition of the diffusion coatings was analyzed using X-ray microanalysis. An INCA x-sight X-ray spectrometer by Oxford Instruments Analytical was installed on a JEOL JSM-7500F scanning electron microscope for this purpose. To identify the structure of specimens made of steel St3, 40Cr, etching was carried out in a 4 % solution of nitric acid in ethyl alcohol. Grechko reagent was used for specimens made of 40Cr13, 30CrMnSiNi2 steels. Microhardness was measured with a Dura Scan Falcon 500 electronic hardness tester. The microhardness of the coatings, as well as the transition layers and the base material, was measured at a load of 10 grams (GOST 9450). Results and discussion It was revealed that DALMMS with nickel and chromium results in the formation of diffusion coatings on the surface of all the materials under study. Fig. 1 shows micrographs of the specimens. It was revealed that diffusion coatings were formed on the surface of all the specimens under study during DALMMS. The coatings consist of a surface layer and a transition layer. The transition zone is characterized by different elemental composition, structure and microhardness from both the coating and the base material (figs. 1–3). However, the structure and elemental composition of these coatings were different and were determined by the elemental composition of the coated steel. Thus, a carbide layer is formed on the surface of 40Cr and 30CrMnSiNi2 steels, which is confirmed by the results of microhardness measurement and the results of X-ray microanalysis (figs. 2, 3). In this case, the carbide grains are oriented perpendicular to the surface of the specimen (fig.1 a, d). The formation of a carbide layer did not occur on St3 and 40Cr13 steels. The formation of the carbide layer is due to the fact that the carbon contained in the steels diffuses to chromium, which is a strong carbide-forming element. At the same time, the carbon contained in the steel St3 was not enough to form a carbide layer. In the case of 40Cr13 steel, the absence of a carbide layer is explained by the fact that in this steel carbon is bound into chromium carbides, which does not allow it to actively diffuse to the surface of the specimen, as in the case of forming a coating on 40Cr steel. The results of the microhardness measurement are shown in fig. 2. The specimens were subjected to X-ray microanalysis to identify the features of the formation and structure of coatings. The results are shown in fig. 3. From the X-ray microanalysis results presented above, it was revealed that the elemental composition of the coated materials had a significant impact on the concentration distribution of elements in the surface layers of products subjected to DLLHR. From the point of view of elemental composition, coatings on steels 40Cr and 30CrMnSiNi2 can be considered as consisting of two layers: a surface layer enriched with chromium and an intermediate layer enriched with nickel. Thus, the chromium content in the surface layer of the coating on steel 40Cr was 80 %, on steel 30CrMnSiNi2 the chromium content was 78 %. It is also worth noting the nature of the distribution of chromium over the coating. On steels 40Cr and 30CrMnSiNi2, Elemental composition of specimens Steel grade С Si Mn Ni S P Cr Cu St3 0.14–0.22 0.15–0.3 0.4–0.65 ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.05 ≤ 0.04 ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.3 40Cr 0.36–0.44 0.17–0.37 0.5–0.8 ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.035 ≤ 0.035 0.8–1.1 ≤ 0.3 40Cr13 0.35–0.44 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.03 12–14 – 30CrMnSiNi2 0.27–0.34 0.9–1.2 1–1.3 1.4–1.8 ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.025 0.9–1.2 ≤ 0.3
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 a b c d Fig. 1. DALMMS results on steel: 40Cr (a); 40Cr13 (b); St3 (c); 30CrMnSiNi2 (d) Fig. 2. Microhardness of specimens after DALMMS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Fig. 3. X-ray microanalysis results after DALMMS: 40Cr (a); 40Cr13 (b); St3 (c); 30CrMnSiNi2 (d) a b c d a sharp decrease in chromium concentration is observed during the transition from the surface layer to the layer enriched with nickel. Thus, at a depth of 5 µm for steel 40Cr the chromium concentration decreases from 80 % to 15 %, for steel 30CrMnSiNi2 it decreases from 78 % to 10 %. For steel 30CrMnSiNi2, the depth at which the chromium content corresponds to the base concentration is 10 µm. For steel 40Cr, the chromium diffusion depth was 15 µm. At the same time, in the surface layer of coatings on these steels the nickel content was quite low: 1.5 % for steel 30CrMnSiNi2 and 0.5 % for steel 40Cr. The maximum concentration of nickel was detected at a distance of 5 μm from the surface and amounted to 21 % for steel 30CrMnSiNi2 and 13 % for steel 40Cr. In coatings formed on steels St3 and 40Cr13, the chromium content was significantly lower. Thus, on steel St3 the chromium content was 15 %, on steel 40Cr13 it was 9 %. At the same time, the change in chromium concentration occurred more smoothly than on steels 40Cr and 30CrMnSiNi2. Also, a higher nickel content was revealed in the coatings on steels St3 and 40Cr13. Thus, on steels St3 and 40Cr13, the
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 nickel content on the surface was 40 %. The depth of diffusion of nickel and chromium on steel St3 was 14 µm, and on steel 40Cr13 it was 9 µm. At the same time, on steel 40Cr13 the chromium content in the coating was 9 %. The chromium concentration corresponding to the concentration of the uncoated material was detected at a depth of 7 µm. On St3 steel, the maximum chromium concentration was 14.5 %. The chromium concentration corresponding to the concentration of the uncoated material was detected at a depth of 15 µm. It can be concluded that one of the main factors affecting the concentration distribution of elements in the coating, its structure and microhardness is the elemental composition of the coated material, especially the carbon content. Steels 40Cr and 30CrMnSiNi2 contain a fairly large amount of carbon, while the chromium content is about 1 %. Thus, most of the carbon in these steels is in the form of cementite. Chromium diffusing during the DALMMS process forms its own carbides on the surface of the coated material due to its greater affinity for carbon than iron. This factor causes more intense diffusion of chromium into materials, elemental-phase composition of which allows the formation of chromium carbides. In this case, a layer with an increased concentration of nickel is formed under the carbide layer. The formation of this layer is due to the low mutual solubility of nickel and carbides. Also, it is worth noting that on steels St3 and 40Cr13 the formation of a carbide layer did not occur. On St3 steel, the absence of a carbide layer is explained by the insufficient carbon content for its formation. On steel 40Cr13, due to the high chromium content, the absence of a carbide layer is explained by the fact that this steel contains carbide (Cr, Fe)23C6, which does not allow carbon to actively diffuse to the chromium obtained during DALMMS, and thereby form a carbide layer. Thus, comparing the chromium content in coatings on steel 40Cr and 40Cr13, a difference in concentration values was revealed by 8.8 times, which indicates a significant influence of the percentage of carbon and chromium in steel. In the case when carbon is bound into carbides of elements that have a lower affinity for carbon than chromium, diffusion of carbon occurs to the chromium obtained during DALMMS and the formation of chromium-based carbides. The distribution of nickel in the coatings also had its own characteristics. On specimens with a carbide layer on the surface, nickel was pushed into the zone under this layer. Thus, on a specimen made of steel 30CrMnSiNi2, the maximum concentration of nickel was observed at a depth of 5 μm and amounted to 21 %, while the nickel content in the carbide layer was 1.5 % (fig. 3). The low nickel content in the carbide layer is explained by the low mutual solubility of nickel and chromium carbides. A similar layer enriched with nickel was observed on 40Cr steel. The maximum nickel concentration was 13 % at a depth of 4.5 µm. Further, the nickel concentration gradually decreased to a concentration characteristic of the uncoated material. On steels St3 and 40Cr13, the nickel concentration was significantly higher and amounted to 40 % on the surface of the specimen. Then the concentration gradually decreased to concentration values characteristic of the uncoated material. The obtained data on the structure of the coatings are in good agreement with the already known results of diffusion saturation with nickel and chromium using the DALMMS technology for materials such as Armco, Steel 10, Cr6WV [21]. Thus, when forming coatings on steels 40Cr, 30CrMnSiNi2, in the context of elemental composition and structure, the coatings consist of several functional layers: surface carbide layer and transition one. At the same time, the layers have a clear interface. For steels 40Cr13 and St3, a single-layer coating is formed. Fig. 4 shows EDS images of steels 40Cr and St3, characterizing the elemental composition of diffusion coatings. The presented images show the distribution of elements in the coating and between the diffusion layers. Thus, for a specimen made of 40Cr steel with a Ni-Cr coating, the surface layer consists of carbide grains elongated in the direction of diffusion; the transition layer is a solid solution of Fe(Ni,Cr) (fig. 4 a). The coating on a specimen made of St3 steel is formed on the basis of solid solutions of the Fe(Ni,Cr) system (fig. 4 b). Thus, it was revealed that the formation of Ni-Cr coatings obtained using the DALMMS technology, provided that the technological conditions are constant, largely depends not only on the elemental composition of the coated materials, but also on its phase composition.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 Conclusions 1. It is found that the total thickness of nickel and chromium diffusion coatings applied to structural steels reaches 15 µm. 2. Conducting DALMMS on carbon and low-alloy steels leads to the formation of two-layer coatings: a surface carbide layer and a transition solid-soluble one. At the same time, the chromium content in the surface layers reaches 80 % with a nickel content of 1.5 %. The maximum concentration of nickel is observed in the transition layer and amounted to 21 % at a depth of 5 µm on steel 30CrMnSiNi2 and 13 % at a depth of 4.5 µm on steel 40Cr. 3. Conducting DALMMS on steels with carbide-forming elements or low carbon content leads to the formation of single-layer coatings based on solid solutions. At the same time, the nickel content in the coating reaches 40 %, the chromium content for steel St3 is 14.5 %, and for steel 40Cr13 it is equal to 9 %. b Fig. 4. EDS of diffusion coatings on steels: 40Cr (a); St3 (b) a
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