Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, V.P. Larionov Institute of the Physical-Technical Problems of the North of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Yakutsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Kuts V.V., Oleshitsky A.V., Grechukhin A.N., Grigorov I.Y. Investigation of changes in geometrical parameters of GMAW surfaced specimens under the infl uence of longitudinal magnetic fi eld on electric arc....................................... 6 Saprykina N.А., Chebodaeva V.V., Saprykin A.А., Sharkeev Y.P., Ibragimov E.А., Guseva T.S. Optimization of selective laser melting modes of powder composition of the AlSiMg system................................................................. 22 Gubin D.S., Kisel’ A.G. Features of calculating the cutting temperature during high-speed milling of aluminum alloys without the use of cutting fl uid............................................................................................................................................. 38 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Borisov M.A., Lobanov D.V., Zvorygin A.S., Skeeba V.Y. Adaptation of the CNC system of the machine to the conditions of combined processing...................................................................................................................................... 55 Nosenko V.A., Bagaiskov Y.S., Mirocedi A.E., GorbunovA.S. Elastic hones for polishing tooth profi les of heat-treated spur wheels for special applications..................................................................................................................................... 66 Podgornyj Y.I., Skeeba V.Y., Martynova T.G., Lobanov D.V., Martyushev N.V., Papko S.S., Rozhnov E.E., Yulusov I.S. Synthesis of the heddle drive mechanism....................................................................................................... 80 MATERIAL SCIENCE Ragazin A.A., Aryshenskii V.Y., Konovalov S.V., Aryshenskii E.V., Bakhtegareev I.D. Study of the eff ect of hafnium and erbium content on the formation of microstructure in aluminium alloy 1590 cast into a copper chill mold............................................................................................................................................................................ 99 Zorin I.A., Aryshenskii E.V., Drits A.M., Konovalov S.V. Study of evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in aluminum alloy 1570 with the addition of 0.5 % hafnium........................................................................... 113 Karlina Y.I., Kononenko R.V., Ivantsivsky V.V., Popov M.A., Deryugin F.F., Byankin V.E. Relationship between microstructure and impact toughness of weld metals in pipe high-strength low-alloy steels (research review)..................... 129 Patil N.G., Saraf A.R., Kulkarni A.P Semi empirical modeling of cutting temperature and surface roughness in turning of engineering materials with TiAlN coated carbide tool................................................................................. 155 Sawant D., Bulakh R., Jatti V., Chinchanikar S., Mishra A., Sefene E.M. Investigation on the electrical discharge machining of cryogenic treated beryllium copper (BeCu) alloys........................................................................................ 175 Karlina A.I., Kondratiev V.V., Sysoev I.A., Kolosov A.D., Konstantinova M.V., Guseva E.A. Study of the eff ect of a combined modifi er from silicon production waste on the properties of gray cast iron................................................. 194 EDITORIALMATERIALS 212 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 223 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 TECHNOLOGY Investigation of changes in geometrical parameters of GMAW surfaced specimens under the infl uence of longitudinal magnetic fi eld on electric arc Vadim Kuts a, Alexey Oleshitsky b, Alexander Grechukhin c, *, Igor Grigorov d Southwest State University, 94, 50 let Oktyabrya str., Kursk, 305040, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-1359, kuc-vadim@yandex.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-8323, oav46@yandex.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2037-6905, agrechuhin@mail.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6207-8194, grighorov.ighor@mail.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2024 vol. 26 no. 1 pp. 6–21 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.1-6-21 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 28 November 2023 Revised: 07 December 2023 Accepted: 28 December 2023 Available online: 15 March 2024 Keywords: Electric arc Additive technologies Surfacing Deviation Geometric parameters Magnetic fi eld Funding The work was carried out within the framework of the implementation of the development program of FGBOU VO “Southwestern State University” of the project “Priority 2030”. ABSTRACT Introduction. The paper presents the results of research of additive manufacturing process by electric arc with axial feeding of steel fi ller wire in protective gas environment (GMAW technology) with additional infl uence of external longitudinal magnetic fi eld on electric arc. Purpose of work: an experimental study of the eff ect of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld during additive manufacturing by an electric arc with axial feed of fi ller wire made of structural steels in a shielding gas environment on the change in the geometrical characteristics of the layers being surfaced. Research Methods. The manufacturing of specimens was carried out on a 5-axis additive machine based on a CNC machine. Surfacing was carried out in the following modes: voltage 17.5 V; current 55–65 A; wire diameter 1.2 mm; wire material Sv-08G2S; wire feed rate 2,267 mm/min; approximate roll diameter 3.0 mm; roll length 50 mm; number of wires per one roll 312.5 mm; number of layers when surfacing the wall 5; magnet operation mode: alternating current with frequency 50 Hz, voltage 30 V; measured magnetic induction 5.7 mTl; initial height of the magnet above the substrate 10 mm; electrode stickout 10 mm; shielding gas: welding mixture CO2-Ar; gas pressure (fl ow rate) 0.15 MPa. Results and discussion. The conducted experimental study showed that the eff ect of longitudinal magnetic fi eld had a statistically signifi cant eff ect on the change in the dimensions of the singular, namely an increase in the width of the layers being surfaced by 34.1 %, with a calculated signifi cance index close to zero, and a decrease in height by 20.2 %, with a calculated signifi cance index equal to 2.7×10−5. The eff ect of longitudinal magnetic fi eld had a statistically signifi cant eff ect on the change of the overall dimensions of the specimens consisting of fi ve layers, namely, the width of the specimens increased by 11.2 % with a calculated signifi cance index of 4.3×10−3, and the height of the specimens decreased by 10.3 % with a calculated signifi cance index of 6.3×10−5. The eff ect of longitudinal magnetic fi eld had no statistically signifi cant eff ect on the change of the vertical deviation from straightness for the side walls of the specimens, with a calculated signifi cance index of 0.3277, and had no statistically signifi cant eff ect on the change of the error of the width of the walls of the specimens, with a signifi cance index of 0.098. For citation: Kuts V.V., Oleshitsky A.V., Grechukhin A.N., Grigorov I.Y. Investigation of changes in geometrical parameters of GMAW surfaced specimens under the infl uence of longitudinal magnetic fi eld on electric arc. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2024, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 6–21. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.1-6-21. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Grechukhin Alexander N., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor Southwest State University, 94, 50 let Oktyabrya str., 305040, Kursk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 (47122) 2-26-69, e-mail: agrechuhin@mail.ru Introduction Currently, additive manufacturing technologies for products based on starting material melting are widely used; among it, we can put emphasis on the GMAW technology, or the technology of additive manufacturing using an electric arc with axial feeding of a fi ller wire made of various metals in shielding gas environment. This technology is characterized by high productivity in shaping products and has wide versatility, which explains a great interest in its use in various industries, and is the main reason for a large number of scientifi c works in this area [1–7]. The main factors hindering the expansion of the scope of application of this technology are quite low accuracy of the fabricated parts characterized by large
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 shape defl ection (sometimes more than 10 mm), as well as the non-uniform structure of the material of the resulting products, which negatively aff ects physical and mechanical properties of materials and, as a consequence, fi nished products performance characteristics [1–7]. One of the directions of research in this area is the implementation of the surfacing process when an electric arc is additionally exposed to an external magnetic fi eld, which can be traditionally divided into longitudinal [8–18] and transverse [19–29] ones, which has found its application in improving the quality of the processes of various types of electric arc welding and surfacing. In many studies, it was found that under the infl uence of a magnetic fi eld, the rate of wire melting increases, the microstructure improves, the depth and area of the fusion zone decreases, which has a positive eff ect on the quality of welded joints [8–29]. It was also noted in [8, 12, 14, 16, 18] that a longitudinal magnetic fi eld causes an arc column to rotate around its axis and to contract, reducing the cross-section of the arc column; the arc becomes harsher, and heating is more concentrated, which improves the technological properties of the arc and improves the quality of welding process and welds. However, despite the positive eff ect of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the quality of welding, the analysis of papers in the area under consideration has shown that the process of additive shaping by an electric arc with axial feeding of steel fi ller wire in a shielding gas environment, in particular, with additional infl uence of the longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the electric arc has been studied insuffi ciently [30–35]. In particular, the issue of changes in the geometry of single surfaced layers and specimens formed in this way using a wire made of structural steels has not been suffi ciently studied. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to study experimentally the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld during additive shaping by an electric arc with axial feeding of a fi ller wire made of structural steel in shielding gas environment on changes in the geometry of the surfaced layers, namely, changes in the dimensions of single surfaced layers, changes in the overall sizes of the specimens, consisting of several layers, changes in the defl ection from straightness in vertical direction for the side walls of the specimens and changes in the defl ection in the width of the specimen walls. Research methods To conduct this study, the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Equipment of Southwest State University, developed a machine based on a CNC machine equipped for implementing GMAW technology or the technology of additive shaping of products by an electric arc with axial feeding of a fi ller wire in a shielding gas environment (Fig. 1). The developed machine consists of a sequential kinematic chain, which includes an aluminum base (frame) (1), with linear guides (2) fi xed on it, along which, by means of a ball screw and stepper motors (3) a CNC machine table (4) with a rotary table (5) located on it are driven along the X axis (X coordinate), Z axis module (6) is driven along the Y axis (Y coordinate), and a feeding mechanism (7) is driven along the Z axis (Z coordinate). The rotary table provides rotation of a workpiece about the Y axis (angular coordinate B) and rotation of a workpiece about the Z axis (angular coordinate C). The machine is controlled using a control unit (8), which includes an Arduino Mega 2560 control board with the Ramps 1.6 add-on (grblMega-5X fi rmware), six TB 6600 stepper motor drivers, a 12 V 30 A power supply. GrblGru_v5.1.0 opensource software is used to implement control programs. The developed installation provides simultaneous 5-axis surfacing (5-axis continuous processing). The feeding mechanism (7) consists of a stepper motor, a clamp and steel rollers that feed the welding (surfacing) wire from the coil (9) through the steel tube to the welding head into the welding (surfacing) zone. An electromagnet (10) is attached to the welding head. The semi-automatic KEDR MIG-160GDM welding machine was used as a power source. The study of the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld on changes in the geometry of the surfaced layers was carried out by surfacing a wire of 1.2 mm in diameter made of Sv-08G2S (0.08 % C; 2 % Mn; 1 % Si). In accordance with the methodology described in [26], for this wire the surfacing conditions were as follows: 17.5 V (voltage); 55 A (current); 2,267 mm/min (wire feeding speed); an approximate roller diameter was 3.0 mm; the length of a roller was 50 mm; wire length per roller was 312.5 mm; electrode extension was 10 mm; CO2-Ar welding mixture was used as a shielding gas; gas pressure (fl ow) was 0.15 MPa.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 TECHNOLOGY Fig. 1. Machine for wire-arc additive manufacturing on the basis of CNC machine: 1 – frame; 2 – linear guides; 3 – stepper motor; 4 – CNC machine table; 5 – rotary table; 6 – Z-axis module; 7 – feeding mechanism; 8 – control unit; 9 – coil; 10 – electromagnet To create a longitudinal magnetic fi eld, an electromagnet was used; its steel core had an internal diameter of 20 mm, a wall thickness of 4 mm; a winding was made of PETV-2 wire with a diameter of 0.72 mm with a number of turns of 1,200. Preliminary, it was found out experimentally that the surfacing process runs stably when the electromagnet is connected to an alternating sinusoidal current with a frequency of 50 Hz and a voltage of 30 V; the initial height of the magnet above the backing was 10 mm, so further, surfacing of specimens was carried out in these modes. The measurement carried out using a portable universal TPU milliteslameter showed that under these modes of applying electromagnet at a melting point of the wire, the magnetic induction does not exceed 5.7 mT. When studying the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the dimensions of single layers, six specimens were surfaced: three specimens were deposited without the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld and three ones were surfaced when the electric arc was exposed to a magnetic fi eld created by an inductance coil. The surfaced specimens were cut in three places and preliminarily cleaned along the cut plane. The dimensions of single layers, its width and height, were measured using an MPB-2 microscope at 24-fold magnifi cation with a scale value of 0.05 mm (fi g. 2). a b Fig. 2. Cross-section of single surfaced layers: a – without longitudinal magnetic fi eld; b – with longitudinal magnetic fi eld
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 Ta b l e 1 Results of measuring the dimensions of single surfaced layers, mm without the infl uence of a magnetic fi eld width 3.00 3.00 3.10 2.90 3.10 3.30 3.00 2.80 2.90 height 2.85 2.25 2.50 2.50 2.20 2.30 2.70 2.70 2.55 under the infl uence of a magnetic fi eld width 4.40 4.40 4.20 3.65 3.70 4.20 4.10 3.80 3.90 height 1.80 2.00 2.05 1.95 2.00 2.20 2.20 1.85 1.95 b c Fig. 3. Analysis of the eff ect of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the change in dimensions of single surfaced layers: a – table of the results of t-criterion calculation; b – box plot for the height of a single layer; c – box plot for the width of a single layer a Results and discussion The results of measuring the dimensions of single surfaced layers are given in Table 1. The processing of the obtained data when studying the infl uence of the longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the measurements of the width and height of single surfaced layers was carried out in the Statistica program based on the calculation of the t-test for independent samples (fi g. 3). From the results obtained, it follows that the eff ect of the created magnetic fi eld caused a statistically signifi cant change in the dimensions of single surfaced layers, so the layer width increased by 34.1 % (the value of the calculated t-test is −9.585 and the probability that the width of the layers does not diff er is close to zero р ≈ 0); the height of the surfaced layer decreased by 20.2 % (the value of the calculated t-test is 5.799 and the probability that the height of the layers does not diff er is р ≈ 2,7×10−5). Furthermore, the table (see fi g. 3, a) presents the results of the calculation of F-criterion, on the basis of which we can conclude that
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 TECHNOLOGY the size dispersions of single surfaced layers are statistically insignifi cant; so, the calculated F-criterion for width dispersions is 3.9, with a calculated signifi cance index of 0.0714, and the F-criterion for height variances is 2.65, with a calculated signifi cance index of 0.1899; the calculated signifi cance indices exceed the accepted signifi cance level of 0.05. To study the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the change in overall dimensions and geometric error of the surfaced layers, six specimens consisting of fi ve vertical layers were surfaced: three specimens were surfaced without the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld and three ones were surfaced when the electric arc was exposed to a magnetic fi eld created by an inductance coil (fi g. 4). The overall dimensions of the surfaced specimens were assessed based on the parameters of themaximum width and height in the sections under consideration. Fig. 5 shows a diagram of measuring the maximum width (bmax) and height (hmax) of the surfaced specimens without exposure to a longitudinal magnetic fi eld (fi g. 5, a) and exposed to a longitudinal magnetic fi eld (fi g. 5, b). Table 2 presents the results of measuring the overall dimensions of the surfaced specimens. Fig. 4. Surfaced and cut specimens consisting of fi ve layers a b Fig. 5. Scheme for measuring the greatest width and height of the specimens surfaced: a – without infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld; b – with infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 Ta b l e 2 Results of measuring the greatest width and height of the surfaced specimens Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 6 without exposure to a magnetic fi eld exposed to a longitudinal magnetic fi eld bmax, mm Section 1 4.7 4.2 3.7 4.3 5.1 4.5 Section 2 4.3 3.8 3.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 Section 3 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.5 hmax, mm Section 1 9.0 8.7 9.3 8.1 8.4 7.6 Section 2 8.8 8.3 9.3 8.1 8.4 8.2 Section 3 9.2 9.1 9.6 7.9 8.6 7.6 The results of calculating the t-test for independent samples based on the results of measuring the overall dimensions of the surfaced specimens (see Table 2) are presented in fi g. 6. а b c Fig. 6. Results of the analysis of the infl uence of the longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the change of the overall dimensions of the surfaced specimens: a – table of t-criterion calculation results; b – box plot for the width of the specimens; c – box plot for the specimens’ height
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 TECHNOLOGY From the results obtained it follows (see fi g. 6) that the overall dimensions of the specimens, consisting of fi ve layers surfaced without applying a magnet, have a statistically signifi cant diff erence from the dimensions of the specimens, surfaced under the infl uence of a magnetic fi eld; namely, the width of the specimens increased by 11.2 %, with a calculated t-criterion equal to −3.22 and a signifi cance index of 4.3×10−3, and the height of the samples decreased by 10.3 %, with a calculated t-criterion equal to 5.36 and a signifi cance index of 6.3×10−5. The results of the calculation of F-criterion (see fi g. 6, a) showed that the variances of the overall dimensions of the surfaced specimens are statistically insignifi cant and the calculated signifi cance indices exceed the accepted signifi cance level of 0.05. The change in the geometric error of the surfaced layers was assessed by the value of defl ection from straightness of the specimen’s side walls in vertical direction for a given section as well as the defl ection in the width of the specimen. Fig. 7 shows a diagram for measuring the value of defl ection from straightness, which was carried out for the left wall (EFL1) and the right wall (EFL2) of the specimen, and in further calculations the defl ection from straightness having the largest value was used: EFL = max (EFL1, EFL2). The results of measuring defl ection from straightness are presented in Table 3. Fig. 8 shows the results of a statistical comparison of the value of the defl ection from straightness using t-test. From the obtained results (see fi g. 8) it follows that defl ections from straightness in vertical direction for the side walls of the specimens surfaced without a magnet do not have a statistically signifi cant diff erence from the specimens surfaced under the infl uence of a magnetic fi eld, with the calculated t-test criterion equal to −1.0097 and a signifi cance index of 0.3277, which exceeds the accepted signifi cance level of 0.05. Based on the value of the calculated F-criterion, the variance of the defl ection from straightness of the side walls of the surfaced specimens is also statistically insignifi cant, with a calculated signifi cance index of 0.3496. To compare the defl ection values of the specimens’ wall width, for each specimen the width was measured at seven points of diff erent heights, according to the diagram presented in fi g. 9. Table 4 shows the results of measuring the width of the surfaced specimens. a b Fig. 7. Scheme for measuring the deviation from straightness of the specimens surfaced: a – without the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld; b – under the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 Ta b l e 3 Results of measuring the deviation from straightness of the side walls of the specimens in the vertical direction for a given section Specimen Section EFL1, mm EFL2, mm EFL, mm without the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld 1 1 0.24 0.19 0.24 2 0.38 0.22 0.38 3 0.48 0.41 0.48 2 1 0.25 0.77 0.77 2 0.13 0.17 0.17 3 0.25 0.58 0.58 3 1 0.18 0.14 0.18 2 0.68 0.17 0.68 3 0.2 0.29 0.29 under the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld 4 1 0.24 0.31 0.31 2 0.24 0.3 0.3 3 0.08 0.44 0.44 5 1 0.28 0.53 0.53 2 0.64 0.55 0.64 3 0.77 0.15 0.77 6 1 0.47 0.21 0.47 2 0.34 0.48 0.48 3 0.45 0.65 0.65 a b Fig. 8. Results of the analysis of the infl uence of the longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the change of deviation from straightness of the side walls of the surfaced specimens in the vertical direction: a – table of t-criterion calculation results; b – box plot of deviations from straightness
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 TECHNOLOGY a b Fig. 9. Scheme for measuring the width of the surfaced specimens: a – without the infl uence to a longitudinal magnetic fi eld; b – under the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld Ta b l e 4 Results of measuring the width of the surfaced specimens at various points Specimen Section width (bi), mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 without the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld 1 1 3.47 3.47 3.59 3.65 3.75 3.86 3.50 2 2.88 3.35 3.63 3.76 4.01 3.95 3.06 3 2.89 3.61 3.97 4.16 4.15 4.07 3.40 2 1 2.89 3.51 3.81 3.99 4.06 3.99 3.74 2 3.46 3.46 3.61 3.74 3.74 3.46 2.51 3 3.16 3.64 3.70 3.85 3.85 3.58 2.67 3 1 3.38 3.51 3.51 3.54 3.54 3.45 3.07 2 2.83 3.32 3.58 3.70 3.70 3.48 2.87 3 3.12 3.26 3.30 3.27 3.28 3.26 2.69 under the infl uence of a longitudinal magnetic fi eld 4 1 4.95 4.13 3.83 3.52 3.86 4.09 3.70 2 4.16 4.08 4.06 3.89 3.95 3.69 2.95 3 4.95 4.08 3.83 3.75 4.05 4.19 3.13 5 1 5.06 4.67 4.00 4.13 3.93 3.78 3.61 2 3.65 3.78 3.61 3.63 3.82 3.70 2.99 3 2.96 3.44 3.78 3.99 4.05 3.92 3.03 6 1 3.78 4.00 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.60 2.87 2 3.43 3.48 4.14 4.19 4.13 4.10 3.11 3 2.97 3.52 4.29 4.42 4.29 4.23 3.31
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 26 No. 1 2024 To perform the analysis, a comparison of the variances in the width of the specimens surfaced without exposure to a magnetic fi eld and when exposed to a magnetic fi eld was made using F-criterion (fi g. 10). a b Fig. 10. Results of analysis of the infl uence of the longitudinal magnetic fi eld on the walls width error of surfaced specimens: a – table of F-criterion calculation results; b – box plot of deviations From the obtained results (see fi g. 10) it follows that the defl ection in the width of the walls of the specimens surfaced without exposure to a magnetic fi eld and when exposed to a longitudinal magnetic fi eld is statistically insignifi cant, the value of the calculated F-criterion is 1.5275 with a signifi cance index of 0.098, which exceeds the accepted signifi cance level. Conclusion The conducted experimental study of the geometry of the surfaced specimens showed that exposure to a longitudinal magnetic fi eld: – caused a statistically signifi cant change in single dimensions; namely an increase in the width of the surfaced layers by 34.1 % with a calculated signifi cance index close to zero, and a decrease in the height by 20.2 % with a calculated signifi cance index equal to 2.7×10−5; – caused a statistically signifi cant change in the overall dimensions of the specimens consisting of fi ve layers; namely, the width of the specimens increased by 11.2 % with a calculated signifi cance index of 4.3×10−3, and the height of the specimens decreased by 10.3 % with a calculated signifi cance index of 6.3×10−5. – did not have a statistically signifi cant eff ect on the change in the defl ection from straightness in vertical direction for the specimens’ side walls with a calculated signifi cance index of 0.3277. – did not have a statistically signifi cant eff ect on the change in the defl ection in the width of the specimens’ walls, with a signifi cance index of 0.098.
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