Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, V.P. Larionov Institute of the Physical-Technical Problems of the North of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Yakutsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Gaikwad V., Chinchanikar S. Investigations on ultrasonic vibration-assisted friction stir welded AA7075 joints: Mechanical properties and fracture analysis........................................................................................................................ 6 Sirota V.V., Zaitsev S.V., Limarenko M.V., Prokhorenkov D.S., Lebedev M.S., Churikov A.S., Dan'shin A.L. Preparation of coatings with high infrared emissivity.......................................................................................................... 23 Babaev A.S., Kozlov V.N., Semenov A.R., Shevchuk A.S., Ovcharenko V.A., Sudarev E.A. Investigation of cutting forces and machinability during milling of corrosion-resistant powder steel produced by laser metal deposition............. 38 Dolgova S.V., Malikov A.G., Golyshev A.A., Nikulina A.A. The eff ect of laser surfacing modes on the geometrical characteristics of the single laser tracks............................................................................................................................... 57 Karlina Y.I., Kononenko R.V., Popov M.A., Deryugin F.F., Byankin V.E. Assessment of welding engineering properties of basic type electrode coatings of diff erent electrode manufacturers for welding of pipe parts and assemblies of heat exchange surfaces of boiler units............................................................................................................................. 71 Yanpolskiy V.V., Ivanova M.V., Nasonova A.A., Yanyushkin A.S. Determination of the rate of electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel under ECM conditions with a stationary cathode-tool............................................................... 95 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Zakovorotny V.L., Gvindjiliya V.E. The study of vibration disturbance mapping in the geometry of the surface formed by turning............................................................................................................................................................................. 107 Gasanov B.G., Konko N.A., Baev S.S. Study of the kinetics of forming of spherical sliding bearing parts made of corrosion-resistant steels by die forging of porous blanks............................................................................................... 127 Gvindjiliya V.E., Fominov E.V., Moiseev D.V., Gamaleeva E.I. Infl uence of dynamic characteristics of the turning process on the workpiece surface roughness........................................................................................................................ 143 Lobanov D.V., Skeeba V.Yu., Golyushov I.S., Smirnov V.M., Zverev E.A. Design simulation of modular abrasive tool........................................................................................................................................................................................ 158 MATERIAL SCIENCE EroshenkoA.Yu., Legostaeva E.V., Glukhov I.A., Uvarkin P.V., TolmachevA.I., Sharkeev Yu.P. Thermal stability of extruded Mg-Y-Nd alloy structure.................................................................................................................................. 174 Bazaleeva K.O., Safarova D.E., Ponkratova Yu.Yu., Lugovoi M.E., Tsvetkova E.V., Alekseev A.V., Zhelezni M.V., Logachev I.A., Baskov F.A. The infl uence of technological parameters of the laser engineered net shaping process on the quality of the formed object from titanium alloy VT23......................................................... 186 Efi movich I.A., Zolotukhin I.S. Oxidation temperatures of WC-Co cemented tungsten carbides....................................... 199 Pribytkov G.A., Baranovskiy A.V., Firsina I.A., Akimov K.O., Krivopalov V.P. Study of Fe-matrix composites with carbide strengthening, formed by sintering of iron titanides and carbon mechanically activated mixtures................ 212 EDITORIALMATERIALS 224 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 235 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 technology Determination of the rate of electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel under ECM conditions with a stationary cathode-tool Vasiliy Yanpolskiy 1, a,*, Maria Ivanova 1, b, Alexandra Nasonova 1, c, Alexander Yanyushkin 2, d 1 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 2 I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, 15 Moskovsky Prospekt, Cheboksary, 428015, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-7623, yanpolskiy@corp.nstu.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-8638, ivanova777888@yandex.ru; c http://orcid.org/0009-0006-0194-8831, a.nasonova@corp.nstu.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-7840, yanyushkinas@mail.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2024 vol. 26 no. 2 pp. 95–106 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.2-95-106 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 15 December 2023 Revised: 03 April 2024 Accepted: 06 May 2024 Available online: 15 June 2024 Keywords: Electrochemical dissolution rate Tool steel Current output Performance Stationary cathode tool Hole machining ABSTRACT Introduction. In blank production, when replacing hard alloys with tool steels, difficulties arise in shaping surfaces to ensure the required parameters of productivity, quality and accuracy, due to the presence of incomplete information for assigning electrochemical processing modes for this class of materials. This fact requires additional research to determine rational processing modes that provide the necessary technological parameters (productivity, dimensional accuracy and surface roughness). The purpose of the work is to conduct research to establish the patterns of electrochemical shaping of tool steels and determine the modes of the shaping process. The work investigated the features of anodic dissolution of U10A tool steel in an aqueous NaCl solution of 10 % concentration. The range of potential changes was from 0 to 8 V. Technological performance parameters were determined (current output for the main reaction and the rate of electrochemical dissolution at a voltage of 8 V and an electrolyte pressure of 0.1 MPa). Research methods. For polarization studies, a potentiodynamic research method was chosen. Technological experiments were carried out using the model of piercing holes with a stationary cathode-tool made of stainless steel without insulation. A circular cross-section with outer diameters of 0.908 mm and inner diameters of 0.603 mm was chosen as a cathode tool. Results and discussions: it is revealed that the electrochemical dissolution of U10A tool steel in a 10 % aqueous solution of NaCl is active in the studied potential range from 0 to 8 V. The technological experiments carried out made it possible to establish the dimensions of the resulting holes — an average diameter of 1.433 mm and a depth of 0.574 mm. The current efficiency was 70.83 %. Based on the analysis of the experimental data obtained, it is established that in order to ensure high productivity of the process of electrochemical forming of U10A steel in a solution of 10 % NaCl, the feed of the cathode tool should be 0.2232 mm/min, which corresponds to the rate of electrochemical dissolution under the studied forming conditions. For citation: Yanpolskiy V.V., Ivanova M.V., Nasonova A.A., Yanyushkin A.S. Determination of the rate of electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel under ECM conditions with a stationary cathode-tool. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2024, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 95–106. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.2-95-106. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Ivanova Maria V., Senior Lecturer Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, 630073, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 383 346-11-71, e-mail: ivanova777888@yandex.ru Introduction The cost of a finished product is determined by a number of factors, including the initial cost of the workpiece and the cost of its machining. Currently, in order to make the most efficient use of material resources in mechanical engineering, expensive and difficult-to-process alloys are being replaced with a more economical alternative [1–5]. Consequently, the optimal use of resources enables the enterprise to enhance its economic profit and disseminate the principles of lean production [6–11]. In the context of limited raw materials and the ongoing escalation in the cost of transport logistics, energy, and other related
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 expenses in the production system, the imperative to conserve material resources is becoming increasingly urgent. A typical example of this practice is the replacement of hard alloys with tool steels. Most often, the principle is applied to blank production, which includes the use of products with high accuracy and surface quality, such as matrices, punches, etc. In addition, the replacement of hard alloys with tool steels causes certain issues, both during the operation of products and during its manufacture. In particular, the direct transfer of processing modes of carbide dies to tool steels does not provide the required performance, accuracy, and quality parameters. In the processing of carbide dies, electrochemical and mechanical actionbased methods are typically employed [12–15]. The studies [16–23] describe the application features of dimensional electrochemical machining (DECM) for R6M5, HVG, and other steels. The works [12, 14, 16–19, 23] indicate that the accuracy of the DECM is determined by the manufacturing errors of the cathode tool, the installation of the workpiece, the temperature of the working medium, the flow rate of the electrolyte, the irregularities in the electrode movement, etc. However, there is no data for shaping U10A tool steel. Additional research is required to determine efficient processing modes that ensure the required performance, accuracy, and quality parameters for products made of tool steels that are shaped by electrochemical means. Thus, the purpose of this work is to conduct research to establish the patterns of electrochemical shaping of tool steels (polarization studies) and to determine the modes of the electrochemical machining process (technological experiment). The work is relevant and has practical significance for blank production. Research methodology Specimen preparation The U10A tool steel, which is widespread in blank production, was chosen as the material for research. Specimens for conducting polarization studies were made by means of electric erosion machining of parallelepipeds with dimensions of 1×1×20 mm. The working surface of the specimen for polarization studies is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Appearance of the specimen working surface for polarization studies To localize the dissolution process and evaluate the current parameters, the side surfaces of the specimens were isolated according to the scheme shown in Fig. 2. The specimen (1) was connected to the contact wire (2) by soldering and placed in a dielectric fixture (3), followed by pouring epoxy resin with a hardener (4). The specimen for conducting technological experiments was a parallelepiped of a model material with the dimensions of 50×50×50 mm. Polarization studies The anodic dissolution of U10A steel was studied using the potentiodynamic method, with the current density as the dependent variable and the anode potential as the independent variable. The range of anode potentials was from 0 to 8 V.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 technology Fig. 2. Specimen for polarization studies: 1 – specimen; 2 – contact wire; 3 – dielectric mandrel; 4 – epoxy resin with hardener Polarization studies were carried out on an experimental installation, the scheme and appearance of which are shown in Fig. 3. The installation consists of a three-electrode electrochemical cell (1), a potentiostat-galvanostat Elins P-20X (2), and a PC (3) for measurement, recording, and data processing. A copper ring with the following dimensions was used as a cathode: width 10 mm, outer and inner radii 35 and 31 mm, respectively. Fig. 3. Scheme and appearance of the experimental setup for potentiodynamic studies: 1 – three-electrode electrochemical cell; 2 – potentiostat-galvanostat Elins P-20X; 3 – PC The scanning speed was 1,000 mV/s with increments of 0.011 mV. The gap between the anode and the platinum reference electrode was 0.1 mm. After each experiment, the surface of the test specimen was cleaned with abrasive paper with a grain size of 20–28 µm (R600). The working medium for the electrochemical processing was a conductive electrolyte solution. In the electrochemical treatment, the most widely used solution was a neutral salt of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water [17–20, 27–29]. The electrolyte concentration of 10 % was chosen, according to the literature sources [29–33]. The kinematic viscosity (v) of the electrolyte was 1.11∙10-6 m2/s [30].
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 a b c Fig. 4. Hole shaping schemes: a – with a cathode-tool without insulation; b – with an insulated cathode-tool; c – with an insulated cathode-tool with a working belt (shoulder): 1 – cathode; 2 – anode; 3 – insulating layer a b Fig. 5. Appearance of: a – the cathode tool; b – tooling for cathode tool Schemes for perforation by the DECM method The following schemes were considered for shaping deep holes [32], shown in Fig. 4. The chosen research scheme employs a cathode tool without insulation, with a supply set to zero. This allows for the determination of the technological parameters of the current output for the main reaction and the rate of electrochemical dissolution under selected initial conditions. The characteristics that emerge when determining the current output are presented in the work of Y. M. Kolotyrin and G. M. Florianovich [34]. The calculation of the current output was carried out according to the method presented in [29, 31–34]. The calculation assumes that the change in the temperature of the electrolyte and its heating during electrolysis is insignificant and is not taken into account, and the axis of the cathode coincides with the axis of the resulting hole. Hollow circular needles made of stainless steel with outer and inner diameters of 0.908 mm and 0.603 mm, respectively, were used as the cathode tool. The area of the outlet was 0.362∙10-6m2. The appearance of the cathode tool and tooling is shown in Fig. 5. An experimental installation for electrochemical hole processing is shown in Fig. 6 and consists of the following elements: an electrolyte supply system (1), an electrochemical cell (2) with an anode (3) and a cathode tool (4), a three-coordinate machine (5), and a technological current source (6). Implementing electrochemical processing assumes that the electrolyte supply to the zone between the electrodes is uniform to ensure the stability of the electrochemical dissolution process of the workpiece. The rate of electrolyte flow and the rate of electrochemical processes depend on the pressure in the system and hydraulic losses. The influence of hydrodynamic parameters on the performance of anodic dissolution is described in [16, 23, 28–30]. During experimental studies, the pressure in the system was pumped by a diaphragm pump and was equal to 0.9 MPa. The electrolyte supply system (1), in addition to the pump, includes a power supply unit for the pump, hoses and containers for supplying and draining electrolyte.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 technology Fig. 6. Experimental setup for electrochemical hole machining: 1 – electrolyte supply system; 2 – electrochemical cell; 3 – anode (blank); 4 – cathode-tool; 5 – three-coordinate machine; 6 – technological power source The gap between the anode and the cathode during the technological experiment was 0.1 mm [29, 31–34]. Following the experiment, the sample was placed in an ultrasonic sludge cleaning bath and subsequently weighed on high-precision laboratory scales (the division value is 0.1 mg). The depths of the holes were measured by digital micrometer GRIFF (0–12.7 mm; with the division value of 0.001 mm). Photographs of the specimen were taken using a Nikon MM-400 microscope with 30× magnification. Results and discussion The results of polarization studies have enabled the features of anodic dissolution of tool steel U10A to be established (Fig. 7). The anodic behavior of the steel under study in a 10 % solution of a neutral salt of NaCl in water exhibits a characteristic curve. This curve indicates that the active dissolution of steel occurs within a specific potential range between φ = 0.3...8.0 V with slight inhibition in the potential range φ = 2.1...2.6 V and φ = 3.9...4.3 V. This is probably due to phenomena that occur during the electrolysis of steel in an aqueous salt solution, such as the oxidation of the material under study and the decomposition of water [28–30, 31–33]. The general nature of the electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel in 10 % NaCl in water indicates the absence of passivation sites. This is due to the fact that during the electrochemical dissolution of materials in sodium chloride, passivation phenomena are removed by increasing the voltage without introducing additional activating processes [28–34]. Fig. 7. Anodic polarization curve of U10A tool steel in 10 % aqueous NaCl solution
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 Thus, the dissolution of tool steel U10A in a 10 % aqueous NaCl solution has an active character within the potential ranges φ = 0.3...2.1 V, φ = 2.7...3.8 V and φ = 4.4...8.0 V. Thus, a voltage of 8 V was chosen to determine the output technological performance parameters, namely, the current output for the main reaction and the rate of electrochemical dissolution. To calculate the current output according to the formula [29], we determine the necessary values. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the volume of the removed metal, which in turn allowed for determining the mass of the dissolved material during electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel. Fig. 8 shows that the average value of the current with an interelectrode gap of 0.1 mm at the initial time was 0.099 A. The duration of the experiment equal to 7 minutes is due to the stabilization of the current value, i.e. the interelectrode gap increased by the maximum permissible value at the specified initial parameters. To determine the mass of the dissolved material, a series of experiments was carried out at a constant current I = 0.099 A and an initial end-to-end interelectrode gap Δf = 0.1 mm. Figure 9 shows a graph of voltage versus time for a series of experiments for 3 minutes. Fig. 8. Graph of current versus time at constant voltage Fig. 9. Graph of voltage versus time at a constant current of 0.099 A As a result of weighing, the following masses mfact were obtained: for the first experiment, 0.0054 g; for the second experiment, 0.0047 g; for the third experiment, 0.0053 g. Thus, the arithmetic mean mass is 0.0051 ± 0.0009 g. Figure 10 shows photos of the resulting hole and its profile. Notably, the formation of a taper is typical for processing with a fixed cathode tool. a b Fig. 10. A hole in 10 % NaCl with a stationary cathode-tool of circular cross-section with outer and inner diameters of 0.908 mm and 0.603 mm with a duration of 7 minutes: a – top view; b – profile
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 technology Figure 11 shows the cross-sectional dimensions of the hole measured in increments of 0.027 mm, the diameter of the chamfered hole is 1.433 mm, the diameter of the bottom of the hole is 0.389 mm, the depth of the hole hav was 0.574 mm. The calculation of the electrochemical equivalent of U10A steel requires taking into account the mass fraction of the main elements related to metals: iron (98.47 %) and manganese (0.23 %) [35]. The chemical composition of the ladle analysis is taken from the regulatory and technical documents [32]. Table shows the weight and volume electrochemical equivalents of U10A steel. Fig. 11. Hole dimensions in 10 % NaCl with a stationary cathode-tool of circular cross-section with outer and inner diameters of 0.908 mm and 0.603 mm for a duration of 3 minutes Electrochemical equivalents of U10A tool steel Element Electrochemical equivalent εm, g/A∙min εV, сm3/А∙min Fe 0.01736 2.22279 Mn 0.01708 2.18693 U10A 0.01759 2.25198 Thus, based on calculations carried out according to the formula presented in [29], the current output is 70.83 %, or 0.708. If the metal current output coefficient n is within the range of 0.5 to 1.0, it means that the anode is actively dissolved during electrolysis [29, 31–33]. This fact is consistent with the data obtained on the basis of polarization studies of the electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel in 10 % aqueous NaCl solution. The experiments performed and calculations of the current output made it possible to evaluate the performance of the U10A steel electrochemical machining process in the selected electrolyte composition. In the processing scheme with a fixed cathode, the size of the interelectrode gap a0 at the beginning of the process corresponds to the set end-to-end gap, while at the end of processing, the value of the interelectrode gap increases by an amount equal to the technological allowance z, and is equal to the expression, ak = a0 + z. When the electrode tool is fixed, the rate of electrochemical dissolution and processing performance decrease with an increase in the interelectrode gap value. The formula presented below [31–32] is valid provided that the value of the current output does not change with fluctuations in the current density. , 2 0 mm/min, ( ) V DECM V U a U ε θη ϑ = + ε θητ
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 26 No. 2 2024 where εV is the volumetric electrochemical equivalent of steel U10A, cm3/A∙min (0.00225198 cm3/A∙min); U is the voltage at the electrodes, V (8 V); θ is the specific electrical conductivity of the electrolyte cm∙m-1, (12.11 cm∙m-1) [31–32]; ƞ is the current output coefficient; a 0 is the interelectrode gap at the beginning of processing or end-to-end gap, mm (0.1 mm); τ is the processing time or electrolysis time, min (3 min). Then the rate of electrochemical dissolution at the end of the 3rd minute is 0.2232 mm/min. Maintaining this rate of electrochemical dissolution requires the interelectrode gap and other parameters affecting the performance of the process to remain unchanged. The hole depth at DECM in 3 minutes in 10 % NaCl in the scheme with a fixed cathode instrument was 0.574 mm. Conclusion The results of the work demonstrate that the electrochemical dissolution of U10A tool steel in a 10 % aqueous NaCl solution occurs actively during the entire studied potential range. The highest current density is observed at a potential of φ = 8 V. Under the conditions of electrochemical shaping of the hole in the U10A tool steel in a 10 % aqueous NaCl solution with a fixed hollow circular cathode tool with outer and inner diameters of 0.908 mm and 0.603 mm, respectively (the area of the outlet is 0.362∙10-6 m2), the current output was 70.83 %. The experimental data obtained made it possible to determine the main parameter of the DECM mode: the rate of electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel at 8 V and a pressure of 0.1 MPa in a 10 % aqueous NaCl solution for electrochemical shaping conditions with a hollow cathode tool, which is 0.2232 mm/min. The conducted studies allowed us to form recommendations regarding the supply of the cathode tool, which ensures the maximum rate of electrochemical dissolution of U10A steel in a 10 % aqueous NaCl solution. References 1. Dubrovina N.A., Rotman E.G. Osnovnye faktory ekonomii resursov na predpriyatiyakh mashinostroeniya [The basic factors of resource saving on the enterpises of mechanical engineering]. Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Ekonomika i upravlenie = Vestnik of Samara State University. Series: Economics and Management, 2012, no. 10, pp. 20–26. 2. Emelyanova D.S., Kolesnichenko-Ianushev S.L., Tokarev M.A. Organizational and economic problems of applying quality management systems at engineering companies. Nauchno-tekhnicheskie vedomosti SPbGPU. Ekonomicheskie nauki = St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Economics, 2019, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 92–102. DOI: 10.18721/JE.12209. 3. Avdeev S.V., Zolkin A.L., Podolko P.M. Analiz strategicheskikh trendov razvitiya promyshlennosti [Analysis of strategic trends in industrial development]. Ekonomika i predprinimatel’stvo = Journal of Economy and entrepreneurship, 2023, no. 9, pp. 455–458. DOI: 10.34925/EIP.2023.158.09.083. 4. Belorusova N., Studenikina S. Vliyanie normirovaniya na effektivnost’ ispol’zovaniya material’nykh resursov [The effect of normalization on the efficiency of using material resources]. Vestnik Polotskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya D, Ekonomicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki = Vestnik of Polotsk State University. Part D. Economic and legal sciences, 2019, no. 5, pp. 32–35. 5. Mrugalska B., Ahmed J. Organizational agility in industry 4.0: a systematic literature review. Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, pp. 1–23. DOI: 10.3390/su13158272. 6. Pimenova E.M.,ArutyunyanA.A. Berezhlivoe proizvodstvo kak odin iz sposobov povysheniya ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti predpriyatiya [Leanmanufacturing as a path toward greater business security]. Kreativnaya ekonomika = Journal of Creative Economy, 2023, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 4141–4152. DOI: 10.18334/ce.17.11.119405. 7. Fernandes M., Correia D., Teixeira L. Lean maintenance practices in the improvement of information management processes: a study in the Facility. Procedia Computer Science, 2024, vol. 232, pp. 2269–2278. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.046. 8. Karch S., Lüder A., Listl C., Nowacki N.S., Hassan K., Werner R., Hohmann T., Müller S. Lean Engineering – Identifying waste in engineering chains. Procedia CIRP, 2023, vol. 120, pp. 463–468. DOI: 10.1016/j. procir.2023.09.020.
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