Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 3 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Anatoliy A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Rector, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation DEPUTIES EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Vladimir V. Ivancivsky, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Vadim Y. Skeeba, Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Machinery Design, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Editor of the English translation: Elena A. Lozhkina, Ph.D. (Engineering), Department of Material Science in Mechanical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation The journal is issued since 1999 Publication frequency – 4 numbers a year Data on the journal are published in «Ulrich's Periodical Directory» Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working and Material Science”) has been Indexed in Clarivate Analytics Services. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marksa, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia Tel.: +7 (383) 346-17-75 http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov E-mail: metal_working@mail.ru; metal_working@corp.nstu.ru Journal “Obrabotka Metallov – Metal Working and Material Science” is indexed in the world's largest abstracting bibliographic and scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus. Journal “Obrabotka Metallov” (“Metal Working & Material Science”) has entered into an electronic licensing relationship with EBSCO Publishing, the world's leading aggregator of full text journals, magazines and eBooks. The full text of JOURNAL can be found in the EBSCOhost™ databases.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 4 EDITORIAL COUNCIL EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIRMAN: Nikolai V. Pustovoy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, President, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation MEMBERS: The Federative Republic of Brazil: Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior, Dr.-Ing., Full Professor; Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos The Federal Republic of Germany: Moniko Greif, Dr.-Ing., Professor, Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Russelsheim Florian Nürnberger, Dr.-Ing., Chief Engineer and Head of the Department “Technology of Materials”, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen; Thomas Hassel, Dr.-Ing., Head of Underwater Technology Center Hanover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Garbsen The Spain: Andrey L. Chuvilin, Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Ikerbasque Research Professor, Head of Electron Microscopy Laboratory “CIC nanoGUNE”, San Sebastian The Republic of Belarus: Fyodor I. Panteleenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, First Vice-Rector, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk The Ukraine: Sergiy V. Kovalevskyy, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Vice Rector for Research and Academic Aff airs, Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk The Russian Federation: Vladimir G. Atapin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Victor P. Balkov, Deputy general director, Research and Development Tooling Institute “VNIIINSTRUMENT”, Moscow; Vladimir A. Bataev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Vladimir G. Burov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk; Aleksandr N. Korotkov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo; Dmitry V. Lobanov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary; Aleksey V. Makarov, D.Sc. (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of division, Head of laboratory (Laboratory of Mechanical Properties) M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch), Yekaterinburg; Aleksandr G. Ovcharenko, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, Biysk Technological Institute, Biysk; Yuriy N. Saraev, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, V.P. Larionov Institute of the Physical-Technical Problems of the North of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Yakutsk; Alexander S. Yanyushkin, D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor, I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 5 CONTENTS OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Manikanta J.E., Ambhore N., Shamkuwar S., Gurajala N.K., Dakarapu S.R. Investigation of vegetable-based hybrid nanofl uids on machining performance in MQL turning........................................................................................... 6 Dama Y.B., Jogi B.F., Pawade R., Kulkarni A.P. Impact of print orientation on wear behavior in FDM printed PLA Biomaterial: Study for hip-joint implant...................................................................................................................... 19 GrinenkoA.V., ChumaevskyA.V., Sidorov E.A., Utyaganova V.R.,AmirovA.I., Kolubaev E.A. Geometry distortion, edge oxidation, structural changes and cut surface morphology of 100mm thick sheet product made of aluminum, copper and titanium alloys during reverse polarity plasma cutting...................................................................................... 41 Somatkar A., Dwivedi R., Chinchanikar S. Comparative evaluation of roller burnishing of Al6061-T6 alloy under dry and nanofl uid minimum quantity lubrication conditions............................................................................................... 57 Karlina Yu.I., Konyukhov V.Yu., Oparina T.A. Assessment of the quality and mechanical properties of metal layers from low-carbon steel obtained by the WAAM method with the use of additional using additional mechanical and ultrasonic processing..................................................................................................................................................... 75 EQUIPMENT. INSTRUMENTS Yusubov N.D., Abbasova H.M. Systematics of multi-tool setup on lathe group machines............................................... 92 Toshov J.B., Fozilov D.M., Yelemessov K.K., Ruziev U.N., Abdullayev D.N., Baskanbayeva D.D., Bekirova L.R. Increasing the durability of drill bit teeth by changing its manufacturing technology......................................................... 112 Pospelov I.D. Investigation of the distribution of normal contact stresses in deformation zone during hot rolling of strips made of structural low-alloy steels to increase the resistance of working rolls..................................................... 125 Ablyaz T.R., Blokhin V.B., Shlykov E.S., Muratov K.R., Osinnikov I.V. Manufacturing of tool electrodes with optimized confi guration for copy-piercing electrical discharge machining by rapid prototyping method.......................... 138 MATERIAL SCIENCE Shubert A.V., Konovalov S.V., Panchenko I.A. A review of research on high-entropy alloys, its properties, methods of creation and application.................................................................................................................................................. 153 Syusyuka E.N., Amineva E.H., Kabirov Yu.V., Prutsakova N.V. Analysis of changes in the microstructure of compression rings of an auxiliary marine engine.......................................................................................................... 180 Dudareva A.A., Bushueva E.G., Tyurin A.G., Domarov E.V., Nasennik I.E., Shikalov V.S., Skorokhod K.A., Legkodymov A.A. The eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the structure and properties of surface-modifi ed layers after non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of a powder mixture of composition 10Cr-30B on steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti............................................................................................................................................................................. 192 Boltrushevich A.E., Martyushev N.V., Kozlov V.N., Kuznetsova Yu.S. Structure of Inconel 625 alloy blanks obtained by electric arc surfacing and electron beam surfacing........................................................................................... 206 Sablina T.Y., Panchenko M.Yu., Zyatikov I.A., Puchikin A.V., Konovalov I.N., Panchenko Yu.N. Study of surface hydrophilicity of metallic materials modifi ed by ultraviolet laser radiation........................................................................ 218 EDITORIALMATERIALS 234 FOUNDERS MATERIALS 243 CONTENTS
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 The eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the structure and properties of surface-modifi ed layers after non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of a powder mixture of composition 10Cr-30B on steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti Alina Dudareva 1, a, *, Evdokia Bushueva 1, b, Andrey Tyurin 1, c, Evgeny Domarov 2, d, Igor Nasennik 1, 4, e, Vladislav Shikalov 3, f, Ksenia Skorokhod 3, g, Alexander Legkodymov 2, 4, h 1 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 2 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Acad. Lavrentieva Pr., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 3 Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, 4/1 Institutskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 4 “Federal Research Center” G.K. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Center for Collective Use “Siberian Ring Photo Source”, 1 Nikolsky ave., Koltsovo village, Novosibirsk region, 1630559, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5649-7090, dudareva-alina@mail.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-734X, bushueva@corp.nstu.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-424X, a.tyurin@corp.nstu.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-1513, domarov88@mail.ru; e https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-5004, nasennik.2017@corp.nstu.ru; f https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-2803, v.shikalov@gmail.com; g https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-8405, k.skorokhod@itam.nsc.ru; h https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-7454, a_legkodymov@mail.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2024 vol. 26 no. 4 pp. 192–205 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.4-192-205 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 06 September 2024 Revised: 20 September 2024 Accepted: 08 October 2024 Available online: 15 December 2024 Keywords: Austenitic Ni-Cr steel Electron beam surfacing Hot plastic deformation Synchrotron radiation Boron Funding The study was carried out in accordance with the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project FSUN-2023-0009). ABSTRACT Introduction. Currently, austenitic Ni-Cr steels are widely used in the oil and gas industry for drilling wells due to its high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic properties, high impact strength, ductility and weldability. However, in order to increase the service life of products, it is necessary to increase the abrasive resistance of the surface layers while maintaining chemical resistance, which is a diffi cult technological task. The solution to such a problem can be the creation of sheet blanks “austenitic Ni-Cr steel - modifi ed layer” subjected to hot plastic deformation. The purpose of the work is to study the eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the structure and phase composition of “modifi ed layer – base metal” compositions obtained by the method of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of a powder mixture of boron and chromium on austenitic Ni-Cr steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti. Material and methods of research. The work investigated specimens made of steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti with a modifi ed 10Cr-30B layer formed by non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of a powder mixture of chromium and boron, and subsequent hot plastic deformation at a temperature of 950 °C. The research methods are mechanical tests for microhardness, X-ray spectral analysis of the modifi ed layer, metallographic studies, profi le analysis, calculation of lattice parameters. Results and discussion. It is revealed that after deformation, defect-free compositions are obtained, the surface layer of which is a matrix composite material containing oriented chromium carbide particles with altered crystal lattice parameters. After plastic deformation, cracks and delamination are not recorded, which allows us to speak about the high quality of the “modifi ed layer – base metal” compositions with increased hardness values exceeding 6.5 times as-delivered steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti (3…11 GPa and 2 GPa, respectively). In the modifi ed layer, complex borides of type (FexCry)B are formed and located in a γ-solid solution of iron. The lattice parameter decreases for γ-iron from 3.588 Å to 3.580 Å, for boride parameter a from 5.126 Å to 5.111 Å, parameter c from 4.228 Å to 4.199 Å. For citation: Dudareva A.A., Bushueva E.G., Tyurin A.G., Domarov E.V., Nasennik I.E., Shikalov V.S., Skorokhod K.A., Legkodymov A.A. The eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the structure and properties of surface-modifi ed layers after non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of a powder mixture of composition 10Cr-30B on steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2024, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 192–205. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.4-192-205. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Dudareva Alina A., Ph.D. (Engineering) student, Research assistant Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, 630073, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 913 707-63-44, e-mail: dudareva-alina@mail.ru
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 Introduction Non-vacuum electron beam surfacing makes it possible to obtain compositions consisting of a base metal and a surface-modifi ed strengthening layer of various thicknesses containing boride particles. The thickness of the layer is regulated by the parameters [1–12]. In the process of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing, it is necessary to use fl at blanks with a thickness of at least 9 mm as the base material, in order to exclude warping during surfacing of the powder mixture. The large thickness and shape of the surface to be strengthened limit the possibilities of various surfacing options. For example, for drilling wells in the oil and gas industry, telemetry systems are used to monitor the condition and direction of movement of drilling tools, the parts of which have a complex structure with cylindrical and shaped surfaces. Chromium-nickel austenitic steel with non-magnetic properties is used as a material for these parts, which are operated in conditions of corrosive environments and abrasive eff ects of rock particles. Increasing the hydroabrasion wear resistance of the surface layers of such products (the inner surfaces of body parts, pipes and valves of telemetry systems) while maintaining chemical resistance and the absence of magnetization is an important technical task [13–15]. The use of hot plastic deformation of compositions consisting of relatively ductile austenitic steel and a wear-resistant modifi ed layer makes it possible to obtain thin-sheet products and products with shaped surfaces that will combine high corrosion and wear-resistant properties [16–20]. The purpose of this work is to study the eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the structure and phase composition of “modifi ed layer – base metal” compositions obtained by non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of a powder mixture of boron and chromium on chromium-nickel austenitic steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti. The goal requires solving the following tasks: – to obtain blanks from austenitic stainless steel strengthened by the method of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of powder mixtures 10Cr- 30B; – to evaluate the eff ect of the degree of plastic deformation on the structure and properties of boride layers; – to investigate the eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the phase composition and lattice parameters of the modifi ed layer. Research methodology To create a modifi ed layer on 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti steel reinforced with boride particles, a powder mixture (Table 1) was surfaced with a beam of relativistic electrons released into the air atmosphere using an industrial electron accelerator ELV-6 at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS. The parameters of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing are presented in Table 2. It should be noted that austenitic steel was used as a reference material in durometric studies. After non-vacuum electron beam surfacing, the specimens were subjected to hot plastic deformation at 950 °C on a Quarto rolling mill with a working roll diameter of 330 mm, a speed of 60 mm/s, a deformation Ta b l e 1 Composition of the powder mixture Name of the powder system The composition of the powder mixture, wt. % Cr B MgF2 * 10Cr-30B 10 30 60 The size of the powder particles, μm 5–20 40–80 200–300 * Since the surfacing is carried out without the use of vacuum and protective gases, MgF2 was used as a fl ux.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 step of 5 % and the minimum deformation degree of 30 %, the maximum degree of deformation of 80%. When deformed by less than 30 %, there were no signifi cant changes in the structure and appearance of the workpieces. When deformed by 80 %, the maximum possible degree of plastic deformation is observed for the specimens “modifi ed layer – base metal”. Based on the scientifi c literature, the temperature for plastic deformation was chosen as 950 °C as the minimum temperature to ensure the plasticity of the substrate (0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti) and the relative plasticity of the modifi ed layer. In addition, deformation at 950 °C avoids overheating of the material and grain coarsening in the base metal. Metallographic studies were performed using the Axio Observer Z1m Carl Zeiss microscope. The determination of the phase composition and structure was studied at the station “Rigid Fluoroscopy” of the Siberian Center for Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation at the G.I. Budker Institute of the INP SB RAS. Diff raction analysis was performed at room temperature in a translucent mode. The radiation energy was 56.35 keV, the beam size was 500×500 μm, and the distance to the studied material was 353 mm. The Mar345 detector was used to register diff racted radiation. After the study, two-dimensional diff raction patterns were integrated using the open source pyFAI software [21]. The profi le analysis of diff raction maxima was carried out using the pseudo-Voight function, with subsequent calculation of the crystal lattice parameter using the matrix method. To identify the features of the boride particles location in the structure of the modifi ed layer, a Carl Zeiss EVO50 XVP scanning microscope was used. The studies were carried out in the backscattered electron diff ractionmode, the chemical composition was determined using the EDX X-Act energy dispersion analyzer. The microhardness of the modifi ed layers obtained was measured using the Vickers method in accordance with GOST 9450-76 at a load of 0.98 N on a Wolpert Group 402MVD micro-hardness tester. At least 5 tracks with 10 indentations were made on each specimen. Results and discussion The most eff ective temperature range for deformation of chromium-nickel steel is 950–1,100 °C; it is in this temperature range that the processes of dynamic recovery and recrystallization have time to occur, and there are no local melting areas with defects that lead to destruction. Figure 1 shows the structure of transverse sections of modifi ed layers obtained after surfacing a powder mixture of composition 10Cr-30B, which is a composite material with a dense arrangement of boride particles. A matrix composite material is understood to be a sample of a “modifi ed layer – base metal” (Figure 1, a). Borides act as a strengthening phase in the modifi ed layer. The density of the boride particles was assessed visually (Figure 1, b). The modifi ed surface layer with a thickness of up to 2.5 mm is connected to the main material by a transition zone with a thickness of 100-150 microns. The structure of the modifi ed layer contains borides that do not have the correct geometric shape, which can be explained by the collision of crystals during their growth. The transition layer is a eutectic, the components of which are austenite and boride crystals. Ta b l e 2 Modes of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing Parameter Meaning The energy of the electron beam, E 1.4 MeV Specifi c energy, Ese 6.44 kJ/cm2 Powder weight per unit area, m 0.33 g/cm2 The scanning frequency of the electron beam, ν 50 Hz The distance from the outlet to the workpiece, h 90 mm The speed of movement of the table with the specimen, V 10 mm/s
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 According to experimental data, with an increase in the degree of plastic deformation of compositions, cracks and delamination are formed in relatively large boride particles, which can contribute to its spalling and the formation of defects in the form of discontinuities, although no defects in the structure were observed before deformation (Figure 2). With an increase in the degree of plastic deformation, the boride particles are crushed with its alignment in the rolling direction (Figure 2, a, c, e). The chaotic distribution of boride particles after non-vacuum electron beam surfacing (Figure 2, a) and the rolling texture with boride orientation (Figure 2, b, e) confi rm the assumption above. Under the infl uence of high temperatures (950 °C) and large deformations (80 %), crushed borides that do not come into contact with the matrix material become sources of structural defects in the form of a grid of cracks and spalling during the preparation of thin sections (Figure 2, b, d, f). In addition, after hot plastic deformation, with an increase in the degree of deformation, borides with an irregular geometric shape (Figure 2, b) become smoother due to high temperatures and partial diff usion of elements (Figure 2, e, f). In accordance with scanning electron microscopy (Figure 3, a, b), the surface of the specimen after maximum plastic deformation is characterized by clearly marked traces of plastic fl ow and destruction of high-strength boride particles (Figure 3, c). Longitudinal broadening of the specimens is also observed (Figure 3, g) and the texture of the base metal 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti (Figure 3, a), which is the result of high ductility of steel and is further confi rmed by X-ray phase analysis. Image analysis at maximum plastic deformation shows the presence of small cracks between the modifi ed layer and the base metal in the transition zone (Figure 2, b). Amore detailed examination of the transition zone (Figure 3, b) reveals a deformation texture, multiple grooves and etching pits. In the modifi ed layer, partial cracking of high-strength particles is observed simultaneously with its grinding (Figure 3, c). It can be assumed that such a structure is formed as a result of critical stresses and accompanying deformations. The thickness of the modifi ed layer decreases from 2.5 mm (Figure 1, a) to 0.5 mm (Figure 3, a). During deformation, the composition acquires a complex layered morphology and decreases in thickness by 7–8 times (Figure 3, a). The analysis of the results of the study showed that the plastic deformation of the composition begins with the base material, and then continues in the modifi ed layer. Also, with an increase in the degree of compression, borides are crushed by a brittle mechanism, and the base metal and matrix of the modifi ed layer are mainly viscous. The mechanism of destruction of high-strength boride particles and the matrix is the same at all degrees of deformation. Starting from 30 % deformation, the degree of crushing of boride particles and its partial destruction continues with an increase in subsequent rolling. a b Fig. 1. Structure of the specimens before plastic deformation: a – transverse section; b – frontal section
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 Fig. 2. Change in the shape of boride particles depending on the degree of plastic deformation: a, b – before plastic deformation; c, d – 30 %; e, f – 80 %. The places of cracks, delamination and discontinuities in boride particles are highlighted in a red oval a b c d e f
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 Fig. 3. The structure of the composition after 80 % deformation after etching with a mixture of HNO3 and HCl acids in a ratio of 1:3 by volume, where 1 is the modifi ed layer, 2 is the base metal: a, b – the transverse section of the composition after rolling; c – the structure of the modifi ed layer, with isolated destroyed borides after plastic deformation; d – morphology of the side surface of the base material 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti along the rolling direction a b c d In addition, when examining boride particles in the austenite matrix using X-ray spectral analysis of the modifi ed layer, high proportions of chromium in borides and iron with nickel in the matrix are recorded, this presumably indicates the diff usion of boron from borides into the matrix material (Figure 4). To evaluate the mechanical properties, the microhardness of the specimens was measured. The average microhardness of the modifi ed layer for specimens without deformation is 13 GPa, 12 GPa for of 30 % deformation, 11 GPa for 80 % deformation. The microhardness of chromium-nickel austenitic steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti is 2.3 GPa. It can be noted that the greater the degree of deformation of the composition, the lower the microhardness values, which is explained by the crushing of high-strength particles and the formation of a grid of small cracks between it with a lack of matrix material between it. The phase composition of the specimens was determined using hard X-ray radiation with a wavelength of 1.783 Ǻ. Only diff raction peaks of austenite and complex borides (FexCry)B phases are observed on X-ray images (Figure 5). The analysis of X-ray images allows us to roughly analyze the defect of the structure by broadening the X-ray lines. The peaks widen with an increase in the degree of plastic deformation. In this
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 Fig. 4. Micro X-ray spectral analysis of specimens after 80 % deformation: a – shooting surface; b – B distribution; c – Cr distribution; d – Fe distribution; e – Ni distribution а b c d e Fig. 5. Specimens after synchrotron radiation diff raction case, it is necessary to note a decrease in the intensity of boride peaks relative to the intensity of austenite peaks and the textured nature of its distribution in the austenite matrix, as well as an increase in the intensity of diff raction peaks 200 and 202 at 30 % degree of deformation. In the process after non-vacuum electron beam surfacing and subsequent plastic deformation, a texture is present, which means that the specimens
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 for synchrotron studies were cut and removed with accumulation in diff erent currents and in some places there could be a more pronounced texture. For borides, the most developed planes are the (110), (200), (002), (211) and (202) planes. Estimating the width of the spectral line at half the height of its maximum or half-width allows only an approximate estimate of the defect structure of the strengthening phase of the modifi ed layer due to the presence of many factors aff ecting the accuracy of the calculated parameters (possible boron diff usion from the strengthening phase during hot plastic deformation and the appearance of texture). Table 3 shows the change in the FWHM of borides and the matrix of the material. The broadening of the interference lines may be related to the heterogeneity of the change in the interplane distance due to a change in the chemical composition of the phases. Ta b l e 3 Change in FWHM diff raction patterns of modifi ed layers after plastic deformation The angular position is 2θ, deg. FWHM at the degree of plastic deformation 0 % 30 % 80 % For austenite 4.94 0.068 0.070 0.076 5.71 0.073 0.079 0.091 8.08 0.075 0.077 0.092 9.48 0.077 0.080 0.089 9.90 0.076 0.084 0.081 For borides 2.81 0.069 0.069 0.077 3.98 0.07 0.068 0.088 4.82 0.07 0.065 0.079 5.06 0.07 0.076 0.085 5.59 0.07 0.062 0.083 6.28 0.088 0.101 0.084 With a plastic deformation degree of 80 %, the FWHM values are maximal for both the matrix and borides. FWHM is minimal for the specimens before deformation when calculating the matrix and at 30% when calculating the borides. It can be assumed that with a degree of deformation of 30 %, the change in the peak half-width for borides is less intense than for austenite. This can be explained by the fact that the plasticity of the matrix is higher for austenite than for borides. After plastic deformation, a decrease in the unit cell parameters is typical. Austenite is characterized by cubic syngony with the space group Fm-3m (225), while boride is characterized by tetragonal syngony with I4/mcm (140). The decrease in the parameters of the austenite unit cell can be explained by the fact that an ion with a larger radius is replaced by an ion with a smaller radius. At the same time, the volume of the boride unit cell changes, which in turn indicates an increase in the content of metal atoms in it (Table 4). Conclusions The results of the study of the eff ect of hot plastic deformation on the structure and properties of the composition of the “modifi ed layer 10Cr-30B – chromium-nickel austenitic steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti” obtained by the non-vacuum electron beam surfacing method allow us to draw the following conclusions: 1. Specimens of the “modifi ed layer – base metal” are obtained using the technology of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of powder compositions on the surface of steel 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti followed by hot plastic deformation at a temperature of 950 °C. The thickness of the modifi ed layer is 2.5 mm after the non-vacuum electron beam surfacing, and about 0.5 mm after 80 % hot plastic deformation.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 Ta b l e 4 Change in lattice parameter after hot plastic deformation The lattice parameter The lattice parameter for the degree of plastic deformation, Å 0 % 30 % 80 % For austenite a 3.588 3.580 3.580 For borides a 5.126 5.113 5.111 c 4.228 4.238 4.199 2. The structure of the modifi ed surface layer after hot plastic deformation is a composite material with dispersed particles of the strengthening phase in the form of borides (FexCry)B. The transition layer between this material and the base metal has no cracks or pores. Borides are crushed during plastic deformation and oriented towards rolling. According to the results of durometric studies, it is found that the microhardness of the modifi ed layers after deformation is 6.5–5.5 times higher (13–11 GPa) than the microhardness of the base material 0.12 C-18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti (2 GPa), which acted as the reference material. To eliminate the spalling of particles of the strengthening phase of the modifi ed layer, it is necessary to increase the content of matrix material in it by increasing the content of chromium in the powder mixture being surfaced and reducing the content of boron. 3. Synchrotron research methods show that complex borides of type (FexCry)B are formed in the modifi ed layer, located in a γ-solid solution of iron. With an increase in the degree of plastic deformation, there is a broadening of the diff raction maxima and the volume of the elementary cells of austenite and borides increases due to the accumulation of defects in the crystal lattice. References 1. Bataev I.A., Bataev A.A., Golkovsky M.G., Teplykh A.Yu., Burov V.G., Veselov S.V. Non-vacuum electronbeam boriding of low-carbon steel. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2012, vol. 207, pp. 245–253. DOI: 10.1016/j. surfcoat.2012.06.081. 2. Bataev I.A., Bataev A.A., Golkovski M.G., Krivizhenko D.S., Losinskaya A.A., Lenivtseva O.G. Structure of surface layers produced by non-vacuum electron beam boriding. Applied Surface Science, 2013, vol. 284, pp. 472– 481. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.07.121. 3. Santana D.A., Koga G.Y., Wolf W., Bataev I.A., Ruktuev A.A., Bolfarini C., Kiminami C.S., Botta W.J., Jorge Jr A.M. Wear-resistant boride reinforced steel coatings produced by non-vacuum electron beam cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, vol. 386, p. 125466. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125466. 4. Koga G.Y., Ferreira T., Guo Y., Coimbrao D.D., Jorge Jr A.M., Kiminami C.S., Bolfarini C., Botta W.J. Challenges in optimizing the resistance to corrosion and wear of amorphous Fe-Cr-Nb-B alloy containing crystalline phases. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2021, vol. 555, p. 120537. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120537. 5. Bataeva E.A., Bataev I.A., Burov V.G., Tushinskii L.I., Golkovskii M.G. Vliyanie iskhodnogo sostoyaniya na neodnorodnost’ struktury uglerodistykh stalei, uprochnennykh metodom elektronno-luchevoi obrabotki pri atmosfernom davlenii [The eff ect of initial state on the structure inhomogeneity of carbon steels strengthened by electron-beam treatment at atmospheric pressure]. Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov = Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2009, no. 3 (645), pp. 3–5. (In Russian). 6. Bataev I.A., Mul D.O., Bataev A.A., Lenivtseva O.G., Golkovski M.G., Lizunkova Ya.S., Dostovalov R.A. Structure and tribological properties of steel after non-vacuum electron beam cladding of Ti, Mo and graphite powders. Materials Characterization, 2016, vol. 112, pp. 60–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2015.11.028. 7. Matts O.E., Tarasov S.Yu., Domenichini B., Lazurenko D.V., Filippov A.V., Bataev V.A., Rashkovets M.V., Chakin I.K., EmurlaevK.I. Tribo-oxidation ofTi-Al-Fe andTi-Al-Mn cladding layers obtained by non-vacuumelectron beam treatment. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2021, vol. 421, p. 127442. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127442. 8. RuktuevA.A., Lazurenko D.V., Ogneva T.S., Kuzmin R.I., Golkovski M.G., Bataev I.A. Structure and oxidation behavior of CoCrFeNiX (where X is Al, Cu, or Mn) coatings obtained by electron beam cladding in air atmosphere. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2022, vol. 448, p. 128921. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128921.
OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 9. Ogneva T., Ruktuev A., Girsh A. Non-vacuum electron beam cladding of Ti-Ni-Al intermetallics on titanium. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019, vol. 11, pp. 191–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.12.130. 10. Mul D.O., Bushueva E.G., Lazurenko D.V., Lozhkina E.A., Domarov E.V. Structure and tribological properties of “carbon steel – VC containing coating” compositions formed by non-vacuum electron-beam surfacing of vanadium-containing powder mixtures. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2023, vol. 474, p. 130107. DOI: 10.1016/j. surfcoat.2023.130107. 11. Zimogliadova T.A., Bataev A.A., Lazurenko D.V., Bataev I.A., Bataev V.A., Golkovskii M.G., Holger S., Ogneva T.S., Ruktuev A.A. Structural characterization of layers fabricated by non-vacuum electron beam cladding of Ni-Cr-Si-B self-fl uxing alloy with additions of niobium and boron. Materials Today Communications, 2022, vol. 33, p. 104363. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104363. 12. Ogneva T.S., Emurlaev K.I., Kuper K.E., Malyutina Yu.N., Domarov E.V., Chakin I.K., Skorokhod K.A., Ruktuev A.A., Nasennik I.E., Bataev I.A. Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni high-entropy coatings produced by non-vacuum electron beam cladding: Understanding the eff ect of Al by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diff raction. Applied Surface Science, 2024, vol. 665, p. 160367. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.160367. 13. TeplykhA., Golkovskiy M., BataevA., Drobyaz E., Veselov S.V., Golovin E., Bataev I.A., Nikulina A. Boride coatings structure and properties, produced by atmospheric electron-beam cladding. Advanced Materials Research, 2011, vol. 287–290, pp. 26–31. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientifi c.net/AMR.287-290.26. 14. Poletika I.M., Golkovskii M.G., Borisov M.D., Salimov R.A., Perovskaya M.V. Formirovanie uprochnyayushchikh pokrytii naplavkoi v puchke relyativistskikh elektronov [Fusion of hardening coatings in a relativistic electron beam]. Fizicheskaya mezomekhanika = Physical Mesomechanics, 2005, vol. 8, special. iss., pp. 129–132. (In Russian). 15. Poletika I.M., Ivanov Yu.F., Golkovskii M.G., Perovskaya M.V. Struktura i svoistva pokrytii, poluchennykh elektronno-luchevoi naplavkoi [Structure and properties of the coatings produced by electron-beam overlaying welding]. Fizika i khimiya obrabotki materialov = Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment, 2007, no. 6, pp. 48–56. (In Russian). 16. Guo C., Kelly P.M. Boron solubility in Fe–Cr–B cast irons. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2003, vol. 352, pp. 40–45. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00449-5. 17. Yuan L.L., Han J.T., Liu J. Analysis of boride phase composition in high boron alloyed stainless steel containing titanium. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, vol. 941–944, pp. 226–231. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientifi c. net/amr.941-944.226. 18. Wang H., Wang T. Vliyanie goryachei prokatki i obrabotki na tverdyi rastvor na mikrostrukturu i mekhanicheskie svoistva dupleksnoi nerzhaveyushchei stali 0Cr21Ni5Ti-2B s vysokim soderzhaniem bora [Infl uence of hot rolling and solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high boron duplex stainless steel 0Cr21Ni5Ti-2B]. Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov = Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2021, no. 3 (789), pp. 13–18. (In Russian). 19. Samoilenko V.V., Lazurenko D.V., Polyakov I.A., Ruktuev A.A., Lenivtseva O.G., Lozhkin V.S. Vliyanie prokatki i termicheskoi obrabotki na strukturu i svoistva sloev, sformirovannykh na titanovykh zagotovkakh metodom elektronno-luchevoi naplavki [Infl uence of rolling and heat treatment on the structure and properties of the coatings fabricated on the titanium substrates by electron beam cladding]. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2015, no. 2 (67), pp. 55–63. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-20152-55-63. 20. Bataev V.A., Golkovski M.G., Samoylenko V.V., Ruktuev A.A., Polyakov I.A., Kuksanov N.K. Structure and mechanical properties of a two-layered material produced by the E-beam surfacing of Ta and Nb on the titanium base after multiple rolling. Applied Surface Science, 2018, vol. 437, pp. 181–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.114. 21. Ashiotis G., Deschildre A., Nawaz Z., Wright J.P., Karkoulis D., Picca F.E., Kieff er J. The fast azimuthal integration Python library: pyFAI. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2015, vol. 48 (2), pp. 510–519. DOI: 10.1107/ S1600576715004306. Confl icts of Interest The authors declare no confl ict of interest. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Novosibirsk State Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1