OBRABOTKA METALLOV
METAL WORKING AND MATERIAL SCIENCEPrint ISSN: 1994-6309 Online ISSN: 2541-819X
Introduction. Titanium carbide and diboride are characterized by high values of hardness, chemical inertness and for this reason are widely used in modern technology. This paper provides information on the synthesis of titanium carbide and diboride by carbothermal and carbide-boron methods, respectively, on the use of titanium carbide as an abrasive and in the manufacture of tungsten-free hard alloys, carbide steels, wear-resistant coatings, as well as titanium diboride in the production of cutting tools and ceramics based on boron carbide The aim of this work is to study the processes of synthesis of highly dispersed powders of titanium carbide and diboride, which are promising for the manufacture of cutting tools, wear-resistant coatings, abrasives and ceramics. Research methods. Titanium oxide TiO2, nanofibrous carbon (NFC), and highly dispersed boron carbide were used as reagents for the synthesis of titanium carbide and diboride. Experiments to obtain titanium carbide were carried out in a resistance furnace, and titanium diboride in an induction furnace. X-ray studies of the phase composition of titanium carbide and diboride samples were carried out on an ARL X-TRA diffractometer (Thermo Electron SA). The determination of the content of titanium and impurities in the samples of titanium carbide and diboride was carried out by the X-ray spectral fluorescence method on an ARL-Advant'x analyzer. The total carbon content in the titanium carbide samples was determined on an S-144 device from LECO. The content of boron and other elements for titanium diboride samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES) on an IRIS Advantage spectrometer (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corporation). The surface morphology and particle sizes of the samples were studied using a Carl Zeiss Sigma scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss). The determination of the particle/aggregate size distribution was performed on a MicroSizer 201 laser analyzer (BA Instruments). Results. The paper proposes technological processes for obtaining highly dispersed powders of titanium carbide and diboride. The optimum synthesis temperature for titanium carbide is 2,000…2,100 oC, and for titanium diboride 1,600…1,700 oC. The content of the basic substance is at the level of 97.5…98.0 wt. %. Discussion. A possible mechanism for the formation of titanium carbide and diboride is proposed, which consists in the transfer of vapors of titanium oxides to the surface of solid carbon (synthesis of titanium carbide) and vapors of boron and titanium oxides to the surface of solid carbon (synthesis of titanium diboride). Due to the high purity and dispersion values, the resulting titanium carbide powder can be used as an abrasive material and for the manufacture of tungsten-free hard alloys, carbide steels, wear-resistant coatings, and titanium diboride powder can be used for the preparation of cutting tools and ceramics based on boron carbide.
Krutskii Yuri
Maximovskiy Eugene
Petrov Roman
Netskina Olga
Ukhina Arina
Krutskaya Tatyana
Gudyma Tatiana
1. Kiparisov S.S., Levinskii Yu.V., Petrov A.P. Karbid titana: poluchenie, svoistva, primenenie [Titanium carbide: preparation, properties, application]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1987. 216 p.
2. Serebryakova T.I., Neronov V.A., Peshev P.D. Vysokotemperaturnye boridy [High temperature borides]. Moscow, Metallurgiya, Chelyabinsk branch Publ., 1991. 368 p.
3. Mroz C. Annual minerals review: titanium diboride. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 1995, vol. 74, pp. 158–159.
4. Doron'kin E.D. Bezvol'framovye tverdye splavy [Tungsten-free hard alloys]. Tsvetnye metally = Non-ferrous metals, 1983, no. 7, pp. 45–46. (In Russian).
5. Rangaraj L., Barman K., Divacar C., Jayaram V. Reactive hot pressing of Ti–B–C and Ti–C at 1200° C. Ceramics International, 2013, vol. 39, pp. 5955–5961. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.12.016.
6. Zou B., Huang C., Song J., Liu Z., Liu L., Zhao Y. Mechanical properties and microstructure of TiB2–TiC composite ceramic cutting tool material. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard materials, 2012, vol. 35, pp. 1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.02.011.
7. Zou B., Ji W., Huang C., Wang J., Li S., Xu K. Effect of superfine refractory carbide additives on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2–TiC+Al2O3 composite ceramic cutting tool materials. Jourmal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, vol. 585, pp. 192–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.09.119.
8. Fouvry S., Wendler B., Liskiewits T., Dudek M., Kolodziejczyk L. Fretting wear analysis of TiC/VC multilayered hard coatings: experiments and modeling approaches. Wear, 2004, vol. 257, pp. 641–653. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2004.02.009.
9. Wang X.-h., Zou Z.-d., Qu S.-y. Microstructure of Fe-based alloy hardfacing coating reinforced by TiC-VC particles. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 2006, vol. 13 (4), pp. 51–55. DOI: 10.1016/S1006-706X(06)60078-2.
10. Adamovskii A.A. Abrazivnye materialy iz metallopodobnykh tugoplavkikh soedinenii [Abrasive materials from metal-like refractory compounds]. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya = Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 1974, no. 5, pp. 49–56. (In Russian).
11. Merzhanov A.G., Karyuk G.G., Borovinskaya I.P., Sharivker S.Yu., Moshkovsky E.I., Prokudina V.K., Dyadko E.G. Karbid titana, poluchennyi metodom samorasprostranyayushchegosya vysokotemperaturnogo sinteza – vysokoeffektivnyi abrazivnyi material [Titanium carbide obtained by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is a highly efficient abrasive material]. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya = Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 1981, no. 10, pp. 50–55. (In Russian).
12. Kul'kov S.N., Gnyusov S.F. Karbidostali na osnove karbidov titana i vol'frama [Carbide steels based on titanium and tungsten carbides]. Tomsk, Scientific and Technical Literature Publ., 2006. 240 p.
13. Svistun L.I. Karbidostali konstruktsionnogo naznacheniya: izgotovlenie, svoistva, primenenie (obzor) [Carbide steel for structural purposes: manufacturing, properties, application (review]. Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya = Universities? Proceedings. Powder metallurgy аnd functional coatings, 2009, no. 3, pp. 41–50. (In Russian).
14. Kislyi P.S., Kuzenkova M.A., Bodnaruk N.I., Grabchuk B.L. Karbid bora [Boron carbide]. Kiev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1988. 216 p.
15. Zhang W., Yamashita S., Kita H. Progress in pressureless sintering of boron carbide ceramics – a review. Advances of Applied Ceramics, 2019, vol. 118 (4), pp. 222–239. DOI: 10.1080/17436753.2019.1574285.
16. Srivatsan T.S., Gurupsarad G., Black D., Radhakrishnan R., Sudarshan T.S. Influence of TiB2 content on microstructure and hardness of TiB2–B4C composite. Powder Technology, 2005, vol. 159, pp. 161–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2005.08.003.
17. Heydari M.S., Baharvandi H.R. Comparing the effect of different sintering methods for ceramics on the physical and mechanical properties of B4C–TiB2 nanocomposites. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2015, vol. 51, pp. 224–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.04.003.
18. Huang S., Vanmeensel K., Malek O., Biest O. Van der, Vleugels J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of pulsed electric current sintered B4C-TiB2 composite. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, vol. 528 (3), pp. 1302–1309. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.022.
19. Zhu Y., Cheng H., Wang Y., An R. Effects of carbon and silicon on microstructure and mechanical properties of pressureless sintered B4C/TiB2 composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, vol. 772, pp. 537–545. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.129.
20. Kuvshinov G.G., Mogilnykh Yu.L., Kuvshinov D.G. Yermakov D.Yu., Yermakova M.A., Salanov A.N., Rudina N.A. Mechanism of porous filamentous carbon granule formation on catalytic hydrocarbon decomposition. Carbon, 1999, vol. 37, pp. 1239–1246.
21. Krutskii Yu.L., Nepochatov Yu.K., Pel’ A.N., Skovorodin I.N., Dyukova K.D., Krutskaya T.M., Kuchumova I.D., Mats O.E., Tyurin A.G., Emurlaeva Yu.Yu., Podryabinkin S.I. Synthesis of polydisperse boron carbide and synthesis of a ceramic on its basis. Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii = Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2019, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 750–758. DOI: 10.1134/S1070427219060041. (In Russian).
22. Blott S.J., Pye K. Gradistat: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2001, vol. 26, pp. 1237–1248.
23. Samsonov G.V., ed. Svoistva elementov [Properties of the elements]. Pt. 1. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1987. 216 p.
24. Kazenas E.K., Tsvetkov Yu.V. Termodinamika ispareniya oksidov [Thermodynamics of evaporation of oxides]. Moscow, LKI Publ., 2008. 480 p.
25. Bolgar A.S., Turchanin A.G., Fesenko V.V. Termodinamicheskie svoistva karbidov [Thermodynamic properties of carbides]. Kiev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1973. 272 p.
26. Shestakov V.A., Gudyma T.S., Krutskii Yu.L., Uvarov N.F. Determination of the optimal temperature range for synthesis of B4C–TiB2 and B4C–ZrB2 powder composite materials. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, vol. 31, pp. 56–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.822.
Funding
The work was carried out in accordance with the state order of the Ministry of Education and Science (code FSUN 2020-0008).
Acknowledgements
Research were conducted at core facility "Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials".
Krutskii Yu.L., Maksimovskii E.A., Petrov R.V., Netskina O.V., Ukhina A.V., Krutskaya T.M., Gudyma T.S. Synthesis of titanium carbide and titanium diboride for metal processing and ceramics production. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2021, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 155–166. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2021-23.4-155-166. (In Russian).
